ENTM Final

Tabanidae Larvae/Habits

Maggot like with distinct segments, exposed but not motile

Females only blood feed, diurnal - mating swarms

holoptic eyes

male eyes touch

protandry

males emerge before females

hilltopping

male aggregation

Tabanus and Hybomitra

Horse Flies, Large Antennae, Clear Wings (Eye from ommatidia)

Chrysops

Deer Flies, Patterning on Wings, Uniform Antennae

Loiasis (African Eye Worm)

Filiarial nematode

Pathogen - Loa loa

Vector - Chrysops spp

Hosts - humans

symptoms - itching and swelling under eye (location of nematode)

blurriness/loss of sight

DEC/Ivermectin

Surra

Pathogen - Trypanosoma evansi

Vector - Tabanidae (other blood feeding flies can also transmit)

Hosts - horses and mules

Transmission - mechanical

symptoms - anemia, abortion, nervous signs, 100% fatal if untreated

Equine infectious anemia

Pathogen - EIAV

Vectors - Tabanidae (horse and deer flies)/other blood feeding flies

Hosts - horses and equines

Transmission - mechanical

Symptoms - fever, lethargy, weight loss

tabanidae management

good resistance to pest control/strong fliers so difficult to control

Calliphoridae

Blow Flies

Oestridae

Bot Flies

Obligatory myiasis

flies develop only within tissues of living animals

facultative myiasis

can develop in living host tissue, not typical

accidental myiasis

can’t complete immature development in living host tissue

primary screwworm flies (calliphoridae)

new world (cochliomyia hominivorax)

old world (chrysomya bezziana)

hosts - warm blooded (cattle/livestock)

development - burrow in wound, feed on living flesh

screw into tissue so posterior end sticking out

tumbu fly (cordylobia anthropophaga)

hosts - many animal species

urine and feces odor

bot flies (oestridae)

bee mimics

larvae - spines to hold them in place on host (only feeding stage)

adults have no mouthparts

grub - larval stage

host - cattle

cattle grubs

northern (hypoderma bovis) - spinal cord

common (hypoderma lineatum) - near esophagus

warble - cyst containing cattle grub

damage - holes in hide/uncomfortable

gadding - panicked run, tail straight up

ivermectin

sheep nose bot (oestrus ovis)

hosts - sheep/goats

immature development - larva positing outside nose —> nose —> sneezed out

damage - infections

horse bot flies

horse stomach bot (gasterophilus intesinalis)

horse throat bot (gasterophilus nasalis)

hosts - horse

development - eggs on hair —> animal grooms —> move to near esophagus/stomach —> feed on stomach lining —> excreted in feces

damage - stomach inflammation and ulcers

ivermectin

human bot fly (dermatobia hominis)

hosts - cattle/maybe humans

immature development - on mosquito —> into skin after feeding —> soil

damage - painful/itchiness

treatment - pull out lol

muscidae

medium size flies, often grey with stripes on thorax, 3 segmented antennae with arista

larva - smooth egg, moist soil, no head capsule, feed on microorganisms

diurnal

filth flies

feed on decaying organic matter, feces, garbage

horn fly (haematobia irritans)

irritating

orient facing downwards (heart shaped)

whole life on cattle

back of animal —> belly

stable fly (stomoxys calcitrans)

develop in aged manure/soiled bedding

bite large mammals (painful)

feed on lugs, orient facing up (opposite of heart)

rest in environment after feeding

face fly (musca autumnalis)

eggs in cattle feces

don’t spend entire life on mammal

feed on secretions of eye

use mouthparts to promote crying

bovine pinkeye (moraxella bovis) - mechanical bacterial infection

eye worms (thelazia spp) - nematode infection, live in eyelid and tear ducts

house fly (musca domestica)

not picky with habitat, develop in organic material

sponging mouthparts, facultative feeding

enteric pathogens - inhabit intestines

typhoid fever

house flies

salmonella

bacteria causing severe diarrhea/death in humans prior to antibiotics

fannia fly (fannia canicularis)

larvae - feed on high moisture, decomposing organic matter

form mating swarms as nuisance

transfer pathogens from manure to human surfaces and food

exotic newcastle disease virus - respiratory, nervous, and digestive issues in birds, highly fatal

filth flies management

injury level - where substantial damage occurs

monitoring activity on animals - horn (200/cow), stable (5/cow foreleg)

monitoring activity using traps - not horn because whole life on cattle

reduce developmental habitat

IGR

support predators (wasps kill larvae)

adult fly control

insecticides/repellents

toxic fly baits only used for house flies

trapping (biting/uv)

fans/air curtains

tsetse flies

glossinidae

low fecundity - offspring have higher chance of survival

viviparity - development of embryo inside mother

uterine milk glands - specialized glands that produce secretions within fly (wigglesworthia)

K selection - low reproduction, high survival %

multivoltine - ~ 4 generations per year

good fliers, diurnal, don’t fly far

mating occurs on/near host animals

M & F blood feed (telmophagous)

bacterial endosymbionts (wigglesworthia glossinidia)

microorganisms live inside cells/body of other organisms

3 tsetse groups (glossina)

savanna - G morsitans (most important), G pallidipes

riverine - G palpalis, G fuscipes

forest - G fusca

“guardians of africa” - tsetse transmit trypanosoma that can cause severe disease in cattle, sheep, goats, humans but have little effect on wildlife

african trypanosomiasis/nagana (trypanasoma brucei) - old world

30+ spp wild animals known to be reservoir

human african trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness not as distributed because tsetse don’t readily feed on humans

Nagana (cattle/livestock)

Pathogen - T b brucei

Vectors - G morsitans, G palpalis

Acute Sleeping Sickness

Pathogen - T b rhodesiense

Vectors - G morsitans, G pallidipes

Reservoir host - animals

Chronic Sleeping Sickness

Pathogen - T b gambiense

Vectors - G palpalis, G fuscipes

Reservoir host - humans

Acute/Chronic SS

chronic - mental deterioration and progressive weakening

acute - rapidly fatal febrile illness w/ myocarditis/encephalitis

trypanasomal chancre (chronic)

painless ulceration wound at bite

winter bottoms sign - swelling on back of neck

tsetse management

residual chemicals applied to resting sites

sterile male release

trypanotolerant cattle - n’dama cattle

manipulation of tsetse endosymbionts (elimination of wigglesworthia results in fly sterility)

mites (acari)

capitulum/gnathsoma - head/associated structures

chelicerae - piercing skin

idiosoma - remainder of body container eyes/legs/respiratory

delusory parasitosis

psychological condition - believe being bitten (not parasitosis)

mesostigmata —> bird mites

poultry red mite (dermanyssus gallinae)

tropical fowl mite (ornithonyssus bursa)

northern fowl mite (ornithonyssus sylviarum)

damage - anemia, irritation, weight loss, maybe death

control - aparicides

mesostigmata —> rodent mites

tropical rat mite (ornithonyssus bacoti)

house mouse mite (liponyssoides sanguineus)

pathogen - ricttsialpox (rickettsia akari)

rickettsia are obligate, intracellular bacteria that replicate inside animal cells

symptoms - sore with black scab (eschar) at bite, rash, fever

control - acaricides —> eliminate rodents

trombidiformes

chiggers - larval life stage of some mites

stylostome - enzyme in saliva to digest host tissue

symptoms - itchy dermatitis

pathogen - scrub typhus (orienta tsutsugamushi)

symptoms - fever, rash, confusion

follicle mites - demodex spp (still trombidiformes)

live in follicles/glands associated with hairs

human follicle mite (demodex folliculorum)

human eyelash mite (demodex brevis)

symptoms - rosacea like lashes if immunocompromised

sarcoptiformes

scabies mite (sarcoptes scabiei)

burrow into host and lay 1-2 eggs/day

symptoms - scabies

treatment - ivermectin/topical cream

house dust mite (dermatophagoides spp)

live in home environment and feed on shed human skin

metastigmata - ticks

soft have long lifespan

hard have shorter lifespan (feed once per life stage)

haller’s organ - receptor on forelegs that detects CO2

bovine babesiosis/tick fever

cyclopropagative

pathogen - babesia bovis/bigemina

vectors - rhipicephalus annulatus/microplus

one host ticks, tick is definitive host

reservoir - cattle, deer, ticks (transovarial transmission)

management - cattle dip, pasture spelling, quarantine

borreliosis

lyme disease

pathogen - borrelia burgdorferi

vectors - ixodes scapularis/pacificus

reservoir hosts - mice

dead end hosts - humans/domestic dogs

deer good at spreading ticks

lizards kill pathogen in ticks when feeding

acute - migrans/ bulls eye rash

chronic - arthritis, cardiac/neurologic effects

tick borne relapsing fever

pathogen - borrelai hermsii

vector - ornithodoros hermsi

transmission - soft ticks on rodents

reservoir - rodents (chipmunks), ticks

dead end - humans

symptoms - recurring fever 3 days

transovarial transmission

rickettsiosis

RMSF

pathogen - rickettsia rickettsia

vectors - dermacentor andersoni/variabilis

transmission - 3 host ticks

rapid transmission because short tick attachment to transmit

reservoir - rodents, ticks

dead end - humans

symptoms - body rash staring on hands/feet

ehrlichiosis

ehrlichia bacteria invade leukocytes (white blood cells)

heart water

pathogen - ehrlichia ruminatium

vector - amblyomma variegatum

transmission - 3 host

reservoir - wild/domestic ruminants

human ehrlichiosis

pathogen - ehrlichia chaffeensis/ewingii

vector - amblyomma americanum

transmission - 3 host

reservoir - deer, dogs

dead end - humans

symptoms - flu —> vomiting/abdominal pain

lone star tick meat allergy

tick bite —> primed for alpha gal protein —> body will react to meat (saliva)

anaplasmosis

invade RBC’s or WBC’s

human anaplasmosis

pathogen - ana plasma phagocytophilum

vector - ixodes scapularis

reservoir - rodents

dead end - humans

bovine anaplasmosis

pathogen - anaplasma marginale

vectors - dermacentor spp/rhipicephalus spp/biting flies (mechanical)

symptoms - wasting disease due to RBC destruction

tick paralysis

paralysis immediately stopped by removing tick from human/animal

don’t know much about why caused