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After the electron of 1800, why would Northern critics of Jefferson label him the “Negro” President?
His victory was primarily due to the 3/5 clause in the Constitution. It allowed southerners to get in more votes due to their larger slave populations.
What is a lame duck session of Congress and how did this affect the election between Jefferson and Adams?
It was the 3-5 month period where the “old” Congress was still technically in power even though their time had passed. It affected the election since they were the ones who broke the electoral tie b/w Jefferson and Burr by choosing the former.
Describe the Judiciary Act of 1801. Why did it create resentment among Democratic-Republicans?
They saw it as the Federalists trying to entrench itself into one of the government branches.
Who was John Marshall? Why was he so important? Mention specific court rulings (i.e. Marbury v Madison did what?)
How did Marshall dismissing the suit against Madison increase the power of the Judicial Branch of the government?
When he dismissed the suit, he stated Marbury was attempting to impose powers the Court did not have. This provided the authority of the Court to determine the meaning of the Constitution.
1800-1808 can be referred to as the Age of Jefferson. Discuss his presidency, his policies, and what ideals he kept/changed.
Why was it worse that the Louisiana Territory was in the hands of the French, not the Spanish?
France was far stronger then Spain. In order to gain more land, the U.S. would need to get allies.
For what two reasons did Napoleon choose to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States? (i.e. he gave up on a New World empire)
Failed attempt to reconquer Haiti, for which Louisiana was meant to serve as a foodstuff
Napoleon was about to end his 20 month lull with Britain, which controlled the seas. Napoleon did not want Britain to get Louisiana.
Why did the Louisiana Purchase cause internal strife within Jefferson?
He believed in strict construction but there was no clause in the Constitution that gave the president the ability to be able to authorize treatise that would expand the union.
What were the long-term goals of the Louisiana Purchase? Short-term?
Long-term: Expand the amount of land and in turn the fortunes of the U.S. and the federal government
Short-term: Territory was remote, burdened by the Spanish Empire, and peopled by diverse Indian groups
How did changes in European land holdings affect Native Americans at the time?
Many died due to disease
Many had to convert to Catholicism or adapt to European ways
Britain became the last hope natives had against American expansion
What were the Orders in Council and how did the French respond to them. Why did this affect American shipping?
Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. France responded by ordering seizure of all vessels entering British ports. This ended up cutting off American merchants from trade from both parties.
How did the Embargo Act embody Jefferson’s ideals? (i.e. “peaceful coercion”)
Jefferson did not want to entangle himself in other countries affairs nor make alliances. But at the same time, it was affecting America. Thus, he hoped by cutting both of them off from America, it would force the countries to peacefully reconcile and acknowledge the rights of neutral nations and enforce peaceful affairs.
Why did Jefferson’s embargo collapse after a mere 15 months? There are two main primary reasons.
Underestimated British determination and overestimated dependence of France+Britain on America
Miscalculated unpopularity of act within the country
After Jefferson, Madison was elected president. He served 2 terms (1808-1806). Describe how his presidency went.
Why did Madison dislike Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)?
He felt like the Bill practically admitted that the U.S. could not survive without one of the belligerents as a commercial ally.
Madison’s trade gamble with Napoleon and the British Orders in Council failed. Why?
It failed because Britain controlled the seas and saw no need to bargain. If America couldn’t trade with them, they couldn’t trade with anyone.
Why were the Shawnee brothers Tecumseh and Tenskwatwa interested in forming a large Indian Confederation?
They saw there was no balance b/w the white settlers and the natives. They believed they needed to unite in order to prevent more expansion into their territory.
What pushed Madison toward the War of 1812 with Britain? (i.e. 2 factors)
British arming hostile Indians
On June 1, 1812, Congress declared war on Britain. Why did the states along the seaboard in New England oppose the war for a free sea?
Those in New England not only sympathized with Britain but they were used to trading with Britain. Moreover, they resented Republican sympathy with Napoleon.
Compare America and Britain on the onset of the War of 1812. How did they differ? Who had the advantage?
American military was more ill-trained and had worse generals. Britain was far better trained, had great generals, and contained the advantage on land. However, America was able to gain superiority on water.
What did the delegates of the Hartford Convention demand?
Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade
Proposed constitutional amendment to Constitution requiring 2/3 of Congress to
Impose embargo
To admit new states
To declare war
How did U.S. foreign policy change after Jefferson? (Madison, Monroe)
How did the War of 1812 stimulate the American economy?
Industries were stimulated which allowed America to be less independent on Europe. New nationalistic spirit led to revived Bank of the United States.
What is nationalism? How did the War of 1812 infuse America with this passion and enthusiasm?
What were the three main components of the American System?
Strong banking system - provide easy and abundant credit
Protective tariffs - help with manufacturing and bring in revenue
Network of canals and roads - allow flow of foodstuff and raw materials between North and South
Why did Jeffersonian Republicans support intrastate internal improvements like roads and canals?
They did not like the idea of direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements
What was the major catalyst of the Panic of 1819?
Why did the Tallmadge amendment anger the South?
Describe the Missouri Compromise and its concessions
Describe how McCulloch v. Maryland helped strengthen the power of the federal government
Describe Cohens v. Virginia and how it was both a loss and victory between the state governments and the federal government?
Under what guise did Jackson invade Spanish controlled Florida?
Why did Americans fear European intervention in the New World?
Why did British foreign secretary, George Canning, ask for cooperation from the U.S. in Latin America?
Why did John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State, advise President Monroe to avoid an alliance with Britain?
Why did Monroe direct his Doctrine at Russia first?
Why did the Monroe Doctrine become an important national dogma until the mid 19thC?
Describe the “corrupt bargain” and its importance to John Quincy Adams presidential term? How did his political views affect his presidency?
Who was part of the “Five Civilized Tribes”? Describe what they did to earn this name. Go into detail into one of the tribes.
When Andrew Jackson came into power, he established the spoils system. Describe it, what it did, and why it was “bad”
In the textbook, Alexis de Tocqueville mentions two futures he sees in America. Describe them.
Centripetal - Doctrine of equality leads to suffocating conformity
Centrifugal - Radical individualism produces individualistic state and social anarchy
What are tariffs? Why did it help businesses? Why could it hurt consumers?
Describe why Southerners opposed the Tariff of Abominations (Tariff of 1832).
Why did South Carolina protest the Tariff of Abominations so much?
Describe the Nullification Crisis of 1833. Why did it occur? What threats were made? How was it resolved?
What was the Indian Removal Act? How did Jackson justify it? What reactions did this act induce? How was it justified?
What was the Bank of 1832 and how was this a victory for Jackson and the power of the president?
What did opponents of Jackson call themselves? Why? Who were the primary leaders? What groups were part of this group?
Whigs - Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, Calhoun
Groups:
Supporters of Clay’s America System
Southern state righters offended by Jackson’s stand on nullification
Larger Northern industrialist and merchants
Evengelical Protestants within Anti-Masonic Party
Describe the Panic of 1837. Why did it occur? What was the major cause?
What was the Divorce Bill? Why did Van Buren champion the legislation?
Describe the Texan-Mexican conflict that occurred in the 1830s. Why did it happen? Why is it important? What did this do to Texas? Describe major events and key players.
After Van Buren, who was elected President? Why is he important (hint - shortest term served)?
Describe the two major changes displayed in the election of 1840
Triumph of populist democratic style
Formation of a vigorous and double two-party system
Describe the two political parties that emerged during the 1840s. Who were they and what did they favor?
Jacksonian Democrats - Individuality, state rights
Whigs - Harmony of society and community
Federal gov used for economy and society
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