Realism

The most influential IR theory

What are the 2 kinds of realism:

Classical and Neo-realism

What are the Realist tools:

1. Balance of power

2. Bargaining, alliances and diplomacy

3 Core elements of IR

1. The state is the key actor, representative of the collective will

2. First priority for the state leaders is ensure the state survival

3. IR is an anarchical system, with no global governance.

Core concept of achieving power:

Power thru military force

Problems with Realism’s conception of Power

1. Resource strength does not always lead to military victory

2. Realist treatment of power concerns its exclusive focus upon state power.

3. Dilemma between power and morality

Two themes that recur in Realism:

1. An ethic of responsibility must guide state leaders.

2. Realists argue that the state is the supreme good and there can be no community beyond one’s borders.

Classical Realism: Order is fragile

Focuses on individuals;

The world can be a better place through incremental changes as instituted through enlightened self-interest

Neo- Realism: The it is what is is… a self fulfilling theory..

• Shifts from human nature (classical realism) to systemic factors like power distribution. 

• Emphasizes how structure of the international system determines state behavior

Balance of power

• Offensive suggest that states seek to maximize power rather than security , making equilibrium harder to achieve

General points about realism

1. States act in their own best interests

2. IR is a struggle for power between states, each trying to maximize their national interests. States act to prevent any one state from dominating

3. Since there is no sovereign body above the states, IR is a self-help system

4. Cooperation is possible but conflict is ever present