Intro to Microbiology

What is the primary purpose of learning microbiology in veterinary curriculum?

To diagnose, treat and prevent

What does the ‘One health’ concept emphasize?

the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.

What percentage of emerging infectious diseases over the last decade are caused by zoonoses

60%

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a recent health emergency demonstrating the importance of zoonotic diseases?

Malaria & leptospirosis

What is the true ratio of bacterial cells to human cells in the human body, according to recent findings?

1.3 to 1

What is the estimated number of microbes an average human host?

100 trillion

What is NOT a type of eukaryote?

Prion

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a beneficial use of microbes?

Production of meats

What are the following possible harmful effects of microbes?

Diseases & Food spoilage

Who is credited with inventing the first compound microscope?

Zacharias Janssen

Which microorganism did Robert Hooke first depict in his publication ‘Micrographia’?

Micro-Fungus Mucor

Who became the first to observe protozoa, red blood cells, sperm cells of animals and bacteria?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

What is the primary role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in ecosystems

to convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants.

The nitrogen cycle uses bacteria to break down what into what?

Ammonia to nitrate

What is bioremediation?

The introduction of microbes to restore stability to disturbed pr polluted environments

What is the smallest items you can see with your eye without a microscope?

A piece of hair (100um)

What colors do the laser scanning confocal microscopes usually produce?

Red, Blue and Green

The SEM (scanning) microscope produces what image?

The surface of the image

The TEM looks at an image how small?

80 nanometers

The SEM microscope needs what before observing the image?

Inert metal (like gold)

Who introduced the belief in spontaneous generation?

Aristotle

Who is credited with disproving the theory of spontaneous generation using swan-neck flasks?

Louis Pasteur

Which scientist is known as the ‘Father of Immunology’ for his work on smallpox vaccination?

Edward Jenner

What is the term for the formal naming living organisms using two names?

Binomial nomenclature

Who introduced the three-domain classification system for celluar life forms?

Carl Woese

Which of the following is NOT one of Koch’s originals postulates?

The microorganism must be visible under a light microscope

Who is known as the ‘Father of Antiseptic surgery’?

Joseph Lister

Who introduced the idea of clean gowns and insisted on hand washing?

Joseph Lister

What compound did joseph lister use for antiseptic surgery?

Carbolic acid

Who discovered lysozyme, an enzyme with antibacterial properties?

Alexander Fleming

What is the molecular formula of carbolic acid (phenol)?

C6H5OH

What is the alternative name for the process of ‘variolation’?

Inoculation

Who is referred to as the ‘Father of Modern Pathology’?

Rudolf Virchow

Who is known as the ‘Father of natural Immunity”?

Elie Metchnikoff

Which scientist first characterized the distinction between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellular organization?

Edouard Chatton

What is the process of white blood cells engulfing and destroying microorganisms called?

Phagocytosis

Which scientist classified bacteria into four groups based on their shape?

Ferdinand Cohn

What disease did David Bruce identify as being caused by the protozoan Trypansome brucei?

Sleeping sickness

Which scientist is best known for his work on parasite life cycles including nematodes and malaria?

Giovanni Battista Grassi

What type of celluar organization is characterized by the absence of a true nucleus?

Prokaryotic

Which disease is also known as American trypanosomiasis?

Chagas disease

What did Ferdinand Cohn demonstrate about Bacillus in certain environments?

It can change from a vegetative state to endospore state

Which scientist investigate ‘Malta Fever’?

David Bruce

What is the process of destroying bacteria in food and drinks called?

Pasteurization

Who was the first person to be successfully treated for rabies using Pasteur’s vaccines?

Joseph Meister

How was Pasteur’s rabies vaccine prepared?

Using dried virus samples from infected rabbits

What diseases was Koch known for?

TB, Cholera and Anthrax

Who discovered viruses in1892?

Dmitri Ivanovsky

What disease was associated with the discovery of viruses?

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Which of the following is NOT one of the six major elements in biological macromolecules?

Potassium

What do all living things have in common?

Plasma membrane

What is used in all cells as a coenzyme to transfer energy?

ATP

What provides a set of unique species ordered by differing degrees of genealogical relationship?

Evolution

Who published the results on filtration experiments demonstrating the cause of tobacco mosaic disease in 1898?

Martinus Beijerinck

What is described as the fundamental science of history in the document?

Taxonomy

Systems of classification are:

Dynamic theories developed by humans

What is taxonomy primarily defined as?

The science of classification of living objects

Who is considered the father of modern classification of living objects?

Carl Linnaeus

What are the two kingdoms proposed by Carl Linnaeus?

Vegetabilia and Animalia

How should a species name be formatted when written by hand?

Underlined

What is the primary criterion for defining a species in sexually reproducing organisms?

Ability to produce fertile offspring

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a threat to the Lesser Antillean Iguana?

Climate Change

How many categories did Aristotle use in his classification system?

11

What term is used for scientists who work on taxonomy?

Systematists

Which bacterial nomenclature is based on the scientist’s name Theodor Eschrich?

Escherichia coli

What is the basis of the three domain classification system introduced by Carl Woese in 1978?

Structure of ribosomes

Which type of RNA is particularly useful for inferring phylogenetic differences amongst related and unrelated taxa?

16s/18s Ribosomal RNA

What is systematics or phylogeny the study of?

Evolutionary history of living organisms

Why is the DNA coding for ribosomal genes useful in classification?

It is highly conserved

Which of the following is NOT apart of the tree of life?

Protista

Which subgroup includes fungi and animals?

Unikonts

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a method to learn about relationships between living object?

Behavioral studies

Which domain includes organisms that lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

Archaea

Which of the following is not included in the domain of archaea?

Have a peptidoglycan wall

Which of the following is not included in the domain of eubacteria?

Multi-celluar

Which of the following is not included in the domain of eukarya?

Methanogens

Which of the following is NOT a method of identifying bacteria mentioned in the documents?

X-ray crystallography

What does MALDI TOF stand for in the context of bacterial identification?

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight

Which of the following is an example of a serological test mentioned in the document?

Agglutination test

What is a biochemical test mentioned when identifying bacteria?

ELISA

What are bacteriophages?

Viruses that infect bacteria

Which of the following is a nucleic acid base testing method mentioned in the document?

PCR

What type of stain method is mentioned along side Gram stain in the documents?

Acid-fast stain

Which of the following is an example of a protozoan parasite?

Amoeba

What tyoe of organism is Toxoplasma classified as?

Protozoan

Which category of parasite is described as a more complex multicelluar organism?

Metazoan

Which technique is NOT mentioned as a method for identifying parasites?

Microscopy

What does ‘Tissue tropism’ refer to in the context of parasite identification?

Where the parasite is located in the host

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A flow of genetic information within a biological system

Who first stated the centeral dogma of molecular biology?

Francis Crick

What does molecular biology primarily concern?

The molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in cells

What are the 3 main components involved in centeral dogma of molecular biology?

DNA, RNA and Proteins

What was frederick griffith’s area of study?

Bacterial pneumonia

In Griffith’s experiment, what happened when live R bacteria were mixed with heat-killed S bacteria?

The mouse died and living S bacteria were found in its blood.

What characteristic distinguishes smooth (S) strains from rough (R) strains of streptococcus?

S Strains secrete a capsule

What was Griffith’s conclusion from his famous experiment?

Genetic material can be transferred between bacteria

Which of the following is NOT a must for genetic material be able to do?

Mutate rapidly creating multiple copies

What is molecular biology?

The study of the molecular foundation of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function

Who were the three scientist mentioned in the document that revealed DNA as the genetic material?

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty