Visual Imagery Quiz 10

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.

perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.

neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported

neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

.

can be used to inform non-visual sensory systems.

is identical for all people.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it.

Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches.

Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image

a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.

that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

mental scanning

categorization

priming

mental walk

mental scanning

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their

order.

importance.

concreteness.

bizarreness.

order

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with

b___ - h___.

boat _______ - car ________.

house.

a blank piece of paper for free recall.

boat _______ - car ________.

In their imagery study, Finke and Pinker presented a four-dot display briefly to participants. After a two-second delay, participants then saw an arrow, and their task was to indicate whether the arrow would have pointed to any of the dots in the previous display. The significance of their results was they called into question the ____ explanation of imagery.

epiphenomenon

depictive representation

spatial representation

tacit-knowledge

tacit

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; bottom-up

top-down; top-down

bottom-up; top-down

top-down; bottom-up

bottom-up; top-down

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

studying images was a way of studying thinking.

images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.

imagery requires a special mechanism.

thought is impossible without an image.

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _____ to organize her memories.

mental synthesis

paired-associate learning

the pegword technique

method of loci

method of loci

Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using

tacit knowledge.

a proposition.

the method of loci.

a depictive representation.

dedicative representation

Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?

30 degrees

60 degrees

90 degrees

180 degrees

30

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

mental representations of the current sensory inputs.

sensory representations of a stimulus.

the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

some people have great difficulty forming visual images.

visual images vary in detail.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved

image synthesis.

mental scanning.

method of loci.

propositional representations.

mental scanning

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

right at the front door.

two feet from the front door.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

one mile away from the house.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Imagery neurons respond to

all visual images.

only visual images in a specific category.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

concrete mental images but not abstract mental images.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.

their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers.

lower; higher

higher; lower

both lower and higher; higher

higher; both lower and higher

higher; both lower and higher

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Baseball

America

Apple pie

Freedom

freedom

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

size of the field of view.

recognition of objects in the left side of space.

ability to visually recognize objects.

ability to draw objects from memory.

size of the field of view

One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question.

the visual search

her visual icon

visual imagery

mental chronometry

visual imagery

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that

imagery and perception are two different phenomena.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images.

creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

visual icons.

mental images.

perceptual images.

echoic schemas

mental images.

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n)

epiphenomenon.

inner scribe.

convergent behavior.

propositional behavior.

epiphenomenon.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

the screen images had no effect on people's mental images.

people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar

eople were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and

dual coding.

dreams.

the visual buffer

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations.

epiphenomenal

propositional

spatial

unilateral

spatial

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

image scanning.

mental chronometry.

epiphenomena.

propositional representations.

mentaal chronomerty

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

image scanning

mental walk

mental synthesis

mental set

mental walk

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

abstract symbols.

an equation.

a spatial layout.

a statement

a spatial layout.

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

how easy mental rotation is for humans.

that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees.

that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game.

mental chronometry

mental synthesis

visual imagery

inner audition

inner audition

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

True lies

Amazing grace

Cake mug

Mission impossible

Cake mug