apush unit 2 vocab part 2

provide for the common defense (foreign policy)

Great white fleet

• circumnavigated the globe over the next fourteen months

• ships made stops on six continents and while the mission was a peaceful one, it was intended to show the world the growing naval might of the United States

Russo-Japanese war

• 1904-1905

• Roosevelt initially supported the war because he hoped this war would weaken both sides and prevent either from further taking over Asia, allowing the u.s to continue being there

• Japan destroyed Russia’s navy and was winning the war when the Japanese government asked President Roosevelt to work out a peace treaty ending the war, in hopes of avoiding a longer, more expensive war

• treaty of Portsmouth caused Russia to recognize japan’s territories and cede some land to Japan as well

Gentleman’s agreement

Japan voluntarily restricted immigration of laborers to the United States and San Francisco eliminated its laws segregating Japanese children in schools

Root-Takahira Treaty (1908)

• the United States recognized Japan’s land claims in Manchuria and several islands in the Pacific, and its rights to annex Korea

• Japan recognized U.S. claims to the Philippines and agreed to maintain the Open Door Policy in China

• both sides agreed to maintain the status quo in Asia and the Pacific

• This agreement preserved peace between the two countries for now

Roosevelt Corollary

• amended the Monroe Doctrine

• stated that only the United States had the right to intervene in Latin American domestic affairs in order to maintain order and stability

• United States assured European nations that they would be paid by Venezuela and the Dominican Republic and did not need to intervene

• This policy further established the United States as the power in the hemisphere and the basis for its many interventions across the hemisphere from this point forward

• created more anti-U.S. sentiment across the hemisphere

Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903)

• granted the United States a ninety-nine-year lease on a ten-mile wide canal zone and the right to build the Panama Canal

• treaty was signed by the United States Secretary of State John Hay and a French engineer of the existing incomplete Panama Canal

• Panama was represented by the French so they did not have a say in the treaty

Panama Canal

• route was much shorter, but more difficult to build because it would have to be built by digging out land

• an artificial 82-kilometer waterway that connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean

• shortened the distance to travel around the Americas by a lot

Dollar Diplomacy

• it promoted U.S. economic interests abroad

• less frequently used military intervention

• meant using U.S. investment dollars to try to control foreign governments

• United States could threaten to withhold investments or pull out investments to control the decisions of other governments without direct threat of military intervention, and potentially use economic investment to justify military intervention if necessary

Augusto Sandino

• led a rebellion against Estrada’s rule and U.S. involvement in Nicaragua

• eluded U.S. forces over the next two decades

• under the condition of a cease-fire, met with Nicaraguan officials to end the rebellion after the U.S. Marines were recalled by President Hoover

• instead he was executed

• his rebellion led the United States to create the School of the Americas in 1946

Veracruz Incident

• tensions between Mexico and the United States increased after a U.S. Navy ship, the USS Dolphin, docked at a port in Mexico without permission

• Mexican authorities arrested U.S. sailors after they left their ship and entered the city

• President Wilson demanded the sailors’ release and an apology

• The Americans were unharmed and released, but without an apology

• President Wilson called for revenge by attacking and seizing the port city

• Over one-hundred fifty Mexican civilians were killed

• U.S. action angered Huerta and all Mexicans including Huerta’s opponents, Villa and Carranza

• war with Mexico was narrowly escaped

Pancho Villa

• became an enemy of the United States following the attack on Veracruz

• raided border towns in 1916, with the most infamous attack occurring in Columbus, New Mexico, where seventeen Americans were killed

• President Wilson sent General John Pershing and six thousand soldiers to find him in northern Mexico, they were unsuccessful

Causes of World War I

• revolutions in China, Iran, and Mexico, created a lot of instability around the world

• changes in world powers and alliances also created instability

• world powers were competing for colonies, resources, and markets and built up their militaries and created alliances to increase their power

• spoils of a potential world war included the diamonds and gold of South Africa, metals and rubber of Africa, oil in the Middle East, and rubber in Malaysia (the U.S. automobile industry’s demand for rubber helped create this desire for colonies in Africa and Asia)

• all the situation needed was a spark

• An assassination in the summer of 1914 ignited the war

• In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and his wife

• Russia came to Serbia’s defense and began mobilizing its army to fight against austria-hungary, because they were angered that Serbia was seeking independence and their murder of the archduke

• Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally, demanded Russia stay out of the conflict, and when the Russian Czar refused, Germany declared war on Russia

• basically they all declared war on each other and created the allies and the central powers

• underlying causes included nationalism, militarism, secret alliances, and imperialism

‘Lusitania’

• sank following a U-boat attack on May 7, 1915 off the coast of Ireland

• Nearly 1,200 people were killed, including 128 Americans

• Despite these attacks, most Americans favored neutrality and isolation in the war

Sussex Pledge

• an agreement to stop U-boat attacks against merchant ships without warning in 1916

• Germany hoped to prevent the United States from entering the war on the side of the Allies

• kept the United States out of the war in 1916

Zimmermann Note

• A secret diplomatic note was sent from Germany to Mexico in January 1917

• Germany asked Mexico to enter World War I as a Central Power if the United States entered the war on the side of the allies

• If Mexico agreed, Germany offered to help Mexico retake the U.S. southwest, which it lost during the Mexican-American War

• intercepted and published by the British, leading to increased anti-German sentiment in the United States

“Fourteen Points”

• Wilson feared if the United States did not enter the war, the world would be left open to socialism and communism because the victor in World War I would seek revenge and add more colonies, leading people to oppose capitalism and imperialism by turning to anti-imperialism, socialism, and communism

• Woodrow Wilson outlined his vision for ending World War I and establishing a lasting peace

• included: abolishing secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade (no tariffs), a reduction of armaments, self-determination for oppressed groups, self-rule (the end of colonies), and the creation of the League of Nations

• inspired many Americans and others around the world

Committee on Public Information

• To encourage support for the war the U.S. government sponsored a propaganda effort across the country through this committee

• george creel was the head of this

• used the media to promote support for the war and allied nations, while at the same time promoting hate of the Central Powers, especially germany

• sent the message that support for the war was patriotic and dissent was traitorous

• also used celebrities, such as Charlie Chaplin, to give short speeches in support of the war and urged Americans to buy war bonds to help pay for the war

• so successful in its efforts that after the war many of those who worked in it helped to found the modern advertising industry

Espionage and Sedition Acts

These laws restricted civil liberties and were used against any critics of the war and they provided a cover for use against anyone who dissented against U.S. institutions, showed what often happens to civil liberties during wartime

Schenck v. United States

• A socialist was arrested in Philadelphia for printing and distributing anti-war and anti-draft leaflets

• Supreme Court unanimously upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts

• established the “clear and present danger” clause, arguing that freedom of speech is not absolute

• he was sentenced to six months in jail

War Labor Board

created to oversee the wartime economy, mediating disputes between labor and businesses in order to avoid strikes, ensuring production would not be halted during the war

Food and Fuel Administrations

• organized agriculture to ensure food was distributed for both American and European civilians and soldiers

• regulated fuel production and consumption to ensure fuel was available for war and the home front

Schlieffen Plan

Germany attempted to prevent a two-front war by defeating France and Britain quickly on the Western Front so it could then focus on solely fighting Russia on the Eastern Front, failed to work in the end

Battle of the Somme

• began in July 1916 and lasted until November

• this battle was part of an Allied offensive

• Allies launched heavy bombings to soften the German defenses and cut the barbed wire that defended the German trenches

• Allied leaders believed the advance would be relatively easy following the bombardment, but most of the barbed wire remained intact and the Germans used machine guns to cut down Allied soldiers caught in no man’s land (the land between the trenches) after the battle began on July 1

• On the first day of the battle, the British suffered over 19,000 killed (57,000 casualties), making this the bloodiest day in British military history

• Many of the men killed were volunteers who were seeing their first combat action

• In August, the Germans retreated to create another line of defense that they quickly used to cause heavier casualties for the Allies

• The British introduced the tank into the war at the Battle, but they were mostly ineffective

• Due to the bad weather, and with winter on the horizon, the British called off the offensive in mid-November

• Allies had moved forward just seven miles over the course of the battle

• the bloodiest battle of the war, with over one million casualties (Germany had 450,000 and Britain had 420,000)

• Allied offensive was a failure, but it did damage German positions in France, forcing a retreat

Bolshevik Revolution

• a pivotal event in Russia in 1917, which saw Vladimir Lenin and his Party seize power from the Provisional Government

• marked the beginning of a violent, multi-year civil war that ultimately led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state

Armenian Genocide

• began on April 24, 1915 and lasted until 1923

• Ottoman Turks (Muslims) controlled the empire, treating Christian Armenians as second-class citizens for decades prior to World War I

• minority group had to pay discriminatory taxes and could not participate in the government

• Many called for reforms and equality, leading to increased repression

• Between 1876-1909, 300,000 minorities were killed to intimidate and silence these demands for justice

• war was used to begin the killing, with the government falsely claiming it was fighting to suppress disloyalty in the war and brutality against Muslims

• minorities were forced from their homes and taken on death marches to Syria

• Property and wealth was confiscated from them

• soldiers were executed or worked to death to create less resistance

• Women were enslaved and forced to assimilate to Turkish culture and marry Turkish men

• many minorities were starved to death

• Turkey denied and continues to deny the event

• 1.5 million out of two million … were killed

• United States government did not officially recognize the event until 2021 under the Biden administration

Treaty of Versailles

• President Wilson and the other Allied leaders met in France to negotiate the peace treaty ending World War I

• reduced Germany’s army to 100,000 soldiers and had its air force and navy eliminated

• Germany also had to accept blame for the war and pay the Allies $33 billion in reparations

• was very different from the Fourteen Points, which Wilson had presented to Kaiser Wilhelm to encourage Germany’s surrender

• failure of the Treaty established the environment for the rise of Hitler, enabling him to falsely argue that German Jews sold out Germany, leading to the country’s surrender in World War I

• a peace treaty signed in 1919 that officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied powers

League of Nations

• an international peacekeeping organization

• Joining this organization meant that member nations had to give up some of their national sovereignty in return for collective security

• was rejected by the u.s senate

Failure to ratify Treaty of Versailles and join League of Nations

• Wilson’s vision might have created a better world, but he ran up against opposition from Allied leaders and Republican opposition at home

• Wilson failed to create the political coalition at home that would have strengthened his position in negotiating the peace treaty after the war

• Wilson went above Congress and appealed directly to the American people to try to put pressure on Congress to ratify the Treaty and join the League

• Wilson launched a rigorous campaign across the country, and in the process suffered a severe stroke, ending his ability to win the public’s support

• Senator Lodge and the majority of Republican senators hoped to amend the Treaty to give the United States some independence to stay out of League’s conflicts without Congressional approval

• Wilson had no desire to compromise so he was unwilling to work with Lodge

• American public did not support joining the League and wanted to return to isolationism

• Some opposed the treaty for being either too lenient or too harsh on Germany

Independent internationalism

• the u.s acted on the world stage to promote its interests but held independence of action, untied to the League of Nations

• led to short-term successes and long-term failures

Washington Naval Disarmament Conference (1921-2922)

• This conference led to three separate treaties

• world powers met to discuss relations

• Four Power Pact, signed by the United States, Britain, France, and Japan, kept the status quo in regards to colonies in the Pacific

• Five Power Pact limited the total naval tonnage for the five major naval powers (United States, Britain, France, Japan, and Italy)

• Nine Power Pact guaranteed the Open Door Policy in China

Dawes Plan (1924)

• temporarily resolved the problem of German not being able to pay debt by providing loans from U.S. banks to Germany to help the country reconstruct, enabling Germany to raise taxes and pay reparations to the Allies

• Allies then paid back loans owed to the United States

• In return for an agreement to pay back reparations, the Allies ended their occupation of the Ruhr Valley region in Germany

• lasted until 1929

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

• joined most countries in the world in signing this pact

• Sixty-two nations signed this pact agreeing to eliminate war as national policy and to fight wars only for defensive purposes

• this meant an end to all wars, but the agreement had no enforcement mechanism so the question would quickly emerge about what would happen when a country violated the agreement

Japan invades Manchuria (1931)

• Japanese military blew up a section of a Japanese railroad in … and claimed the Chinese were responsible so it could justify the invasion

• Great Depression increased the importance of … to Japan

• invasion violated the League of Nations and Kellogg-Briand Pact, which called for the end of war except for defensive purposes

• Japan left the League of Nations and continued invading

Nuremberg Laws

stripped German Jews of citizenship and all legal rights in 1936

Italy invades Ethiopia

• In 1935, Benito Mussolini sent troops, supported by German tanks and planes, to … to create a new Italian Empire

• … selected because it had no military, making it vulnerable to attack

• … government pleaded for help from the League of Nations, arguing the attack violated the League’s tenets and the Kellogg-Briand Pact

• League condemned Italy, but offered nothing else in defense of …

• followed this invasion against a defenseless nation with another one

Japan invades China (1937)

• Japan seized control of most of eastern … and added valuable resources

• attack on Nanjing became known as the “Rape of Nanjing” because of the atrocities committed by the Japanese military against civilians

• At least forty thousand (some estimates range over 300,000) were killed and an estimated twenty thousand women and girls were raped by Japanese soldiers

• during the invasion, japan attacked an American ship, the USS Panay, on the Yangtze River

Spanish Civil War

• Fascist General Francisco Franco led the overthrow of a democratically-elected republican government

• Franco had the military support of Germany and Italy, while the Loyalist forces had only minimal support from the Soviet Union

• None of the world’s democracies came to the defense of this country

Good Neighbor Policy

• announced in 1933 at the Seventh Pan American Conference in Montevideo, Uruguay

• called for improving relations with Latin America by showing more respect to the region and limiting interventions only to situations that provided a direct threat to U.S. security

• the U.S. denounced the right to intervene in Latin American nations’ affairs, effectively reversing the Roosevelt Corollary

Nye Committee

• a U.S. Senate committee, officially the Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, that investigated the sale and profit of arms during World War I

• operated from 1934 to 1936 and aimed to find out if a conspiracy between bankers and munitions makers pushed the U.S. into the war

• could not prove this hypothesis, but it did discover that U.S. companies were selling planes and aircraft equipment to Germany, helping Hitler to remilitarize (while refusing to produce planes as requested by President Roosevelt)

Neutrality Acts 1935-1937

• 1935, 1936, and 1937

• Roosevelt opposed these acts, preferring to have more flexibility to act, especially as events unfolded by 1936

• aimed at preventing the United States from getting dragged into another European war

• called for the embargo of all arms sales to belligerent nations (nations at war) for six months in the case of any war beginning

• gave the president the power to determine when a state of war existed and prohibited all loans or credits to belligerent nations

• gave the president the authority to determine if a civil war was covered by the acts

“Quarantine” Speech (1937)

• President Roosevelt gave a provocative speech

• president called for all democratic governments to quarantine all aggressor nations

• Without naming these aggressor nations, everybody understood that these countries were Germany, Italy, and Japan

• Critics argued that Roosevelt had already declared what side the United States would join in the case of an eventual war

• Most Americans and most in Congress were upset with Roosevelt’s speech, siding with isolationism in response to any potential war

Kristallnacht

• More than one hundred Jews were killed in the violence

• “Night of Broken Glass”

• All remaining rights for Jews were eliminated, Jewish-owned businesses were closed, Jews were banned from schools, driving, etc

• violence against Jews increased

Munich Pact

gave the Sudetenland to Germany and war was averted

Nonaggression Pact (1938)

Hitler and Stalin promised not to attack one another, also split parts of Eastern Europe

Cash and Carry Act (1939)

• allowed for the cash-and-carry sale of arms and loans to belligerent nations, reversing previous neutrality acts

• enabled the U.S. to aid Britain and France in case of war

Selective Service Act

• President Roosevelt began mobilizing for war

• trained men 21-35 years-old for the military

Beginning of World War II

• In the late summer of 1939, the German blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) invaded Poland and quickly conquered it, beginning the war

• In May 1940, Germany proceeded to invade and conquer Norway, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, and France, each within days or weeks

• France shockingly fell within six weeks following Germany’s invasion in 1940

• Allies made a last-ditch effort to escape capture from western France, boarding any ships they could find and fled France from Dunkirk to England

• heroic escape was made possible because Hitler called for a three-day rest for his soldiers to regroup for a final assault against the Allies

• After France surrendered, the Germans set up a government in Vichy, France

• A Free French government, led by Charles de Gaulle, was established in London and vowed to resist German occupation

• Hitler and Mussolini then defeated Romania, Greece, and Yugoslavia

• Control of the Balkans opened the door to a future attack on the Soviet Union

Battle of Britain

Breaking of Nonaggression Pact

Tripartite Pact

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

Destroyers-for-Bases Deal

Atlantic Charter

Pearl Harbor attack

Battle of Stalingrad

Casablanca Conference (1943)

Tehran Conference

D-Day

Battle of the Bulge

Holocaust

Bataan Death March

Battle of the Coral Sea

Battle of Midway

Leapfrogging or Island hopping

Battle of Guadalcanal

Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)

Yalta Conference

Battle of Iwo Jima (1945)

Battle of Okinawa (1945)

Truman’s “Get Tough” Policy

Potsdam Conference (1945)

Decision to use the atomic bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 1945)