equine review questions

what areas are considered a horses blind spots? (3)

• directly below their nose

• directly behind them

• directly between their eyes, on the forehead

what are the natural gaits of a horse (4)

• walk

• canter/lope

• trot/jog

• gallop

where in the digestive tract does fermentation occur?

• cecum

what is the equine vertebral formula

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cy15-21

what is the most common arrhythmia in horses?

2nd degree AV block

the best sites for obtaining a pulse rate

• submandibular artery

• transverse facial artery

the “bean” is

smegma buildup within the urethral diverticulum of a gelding

equine dental formula

2(I 3/3 C0-1/0-1 P3-4/3 M3/3)

what tools are not used when a horse is being trimmed?

• clinchers

• buffer

• shoe puller

• hammer

define lameness

an alteration of the horses’ gait, attitude or performance

what is the function of a flexion test?

accentuates pain and localizes lameness

equine core vaccines

• WEE, EEE, VEE,

• rabies

• tetanus

• west nile virus

equine IM injection sites

• triangle of the neck

• pectorals

• semimenbranosis/tendinosis

most common sites for equine venipuncture

• transverse facial venous sinus

• jugular vein

• when giving an IV inject. it is important to place the needle in the?

  • due to its close proximity to?

• cranial 1/3 of the jugular vein

  • due to its close proximity to the carotid artery on the caudal aspect of the neck

what are normal finding in urine testing?

• mucus strands

• calcium carbonate crystals

• USG of 1.020-1.050

degrees of contamination from least to most infected

• clean

• clean-contaminated

• contaminated

• infected

when does the inflammatory/debridement phase occur and what happens?

• 1-3 days post injury

• fibrin clot formation to help w/ hemostasis

• WBC enter area and attack extracellular bacteria

when does the proliferative/repair phase occur and what happens?

• 3 days post to 1-3 weeks

• granulation tissue

• fibroblasts begin to appear which synthesizes collagen

when does the maturation phase occur and what happens?

• 3 weeks- fully healed

• collagen fibers cross link reorient along lines of tension

• epithelialization and contraction

list grooming tools in order of usage

• curry comb

• stiff brush

• soft brush

• hoof pick

what is not a daily nutritional requirement for the horse?

fruits/vegetables

list the types of ‘twitch”es

• skin

• lip/nose

• humane

• rope/chain

• ear

list the alpha 2 agonists commonly used as chemical restraint

• xylazine

• detomidine

list the opioids commonly used as chemical restraint

• butorphanol

• morphine

list the tranquilizers/hypnotics commonly used as chemical restraint

• diazepam

• acepromazine

list the reversals for chemical restraint drugs

• naloxone

• yohimbine

what do you auscultate in the RUQ?

base of cecum

what do you auscultate in the LLQ?

left ventral colon

what do you auscultate in the RLQ?

right ventral colon

what do you auscultate in the LUQ?

small intestine

auscultation of the LLQ, sounds like waves at beach could indicate?

sand build up in GI tract

the galvayne’s groove appears on the lateral surface of the ? at what age?

• upper third incisor at 10 years

what materials are in the primary layer of a bandage

• telfa

• kling

what materials are in the secondary layer of a bandage

• cast padding/sheet cotton

• brown gauze

what materials are in the third layer of a bandage

• vet wrap

• elastikon

what gauge catheter is used in the horse

14 ga 5 ½ in

what is the maintenance fluid requirement of an adult horse

50ml/kg/day

what is a reason the IVC insertion site should be monitored q6 hrs

patency

what are crystalloids used in equine med

• LRS

• PSS

• plasmalyte

• normosol- R

what are colloids used in equine med

hetastarch

what condition causes insulin resistance, BCS >6 even on a diet, and a cresty neck?

equine metabolic syndrome

what condition causes increased ACTH, a cresty neck, and hirsutism

PPID/ equine cushings

what are the parts of stallion semen analysis

• motility

• morphology

• total ejaculate volume

• sperm concentration

what is the pregnancy hormone?

progesterone

ova production occurs in the?

ovary

what catches the ova during ovulation?

infundibulum

fertilization occurs in the?

ampulla

what is the reservoir for healthy sperm?

isthmus

what is capacitation? where does it occur?

the biochemical alteration of sperm to allow it to penetrate the ova, it occurs in the isthmus

what filters out abnormal sperm?

utero-tubal junction

• increased daylight stimulates the?

  • to release?

• pituitary gland

  • follicle stimulating hormone

• the follicle produces what into the blood stream?

  • what happens when the follicle ruptures?

• estrogens

• ovulation

• what forms after the follicle ruptures?

  • what does it lutenize into?

• corpus hemorrhagicum

  • corpus luteum

• the CL produces?

  • this prevents the pituitary from releasing?

• progesterone

  • lutenizing hormone

• if no pregnancy is detected the uterus releases?

  • this causes the CL to?

• prostaglandins

  • regress

post foaling 1-2-3 rule

• foal stands <1 hr

• foal nurses <2 hr

• placenta passed < 3 hr

what chemical restraint is used for assisted vaginal delivery?

standing sedation: alpha 2 agonist

what chemical restraint is used for controlled vaginal delivery?

general anesthesia: TIVA

what chemical restraint is used for c section?

general anesthesia: inhalant gas

what is the number one cause of foal mortality?

sepsis

a horse that is recumbent for more than 6 hours is at risk of developing?

neuropathy/myopathy