environmental science final

Which of the following are reasons for sea level rise:

–I) Thermal expansion of seawater

–II) Melting ice bergs

–III) Melting glaciers

–IV) Increased precipitation

–V) Melting sea ice

I and III

Which of these factors does not contribute to increased frequency of wildfires?

 

Decreased precipitation

 

Melting sea ice

 

A century of fire suppression

 

Higher temperatures

Melting sea ice

Which statement is true about climate change?

 

25 years ago, many scientists agreed that the theory of climate change was supported by most of the evidence, but some remained uncertain.

 

The fossil fuel industry has actively worked to create doubt even when the scientific evidence is clear.

 

Today, an overwhelming amount of evidence has convinced almost all climate scientists that climate change is already happening, is caused by human-produced greenhouse gases, and will have dangerous consequences for ecosystems and society.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of these are expected climate change impacts on Florida?

 

5-times higher frequency of very hot days (over 95 Fahrenheit)

 

Increased frequency of tropical diseases spread by mosquitoes.

 

Sea level rise flooding the Florida Keys

 

Sea level rise contaminating drinking water in Miami

 

All of the above

All of the above

Which climate change mitigation plan could come with the highest potential for negative side effects?

 

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

 

Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

 

Blocking sunlight from reaching the earth's surface

 

Adapting to specific impacts of climate change

Blocking sunlight from reaching the earth's surface

Earth's climate ________.

 

has been stable over the history of the planet

 

is changing as a result of natural and human processes

 

will stabilize over the next century, according to the predictions of most scientists

 

has changed only once due to the evolution of green photosynthesizing plants

 

history is undeterminable because there is no method of studying climatic history of the planet

is changing as a result of natural and human processes

Which of the following statement(s) are true about isotopes:

–1) Isotopes are atoms that have a positive or negative charge

–2) Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of neutrons, but different numbers of protons

–3) Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

–4) Isotopes of an element behave similarly with respect to most of their chemical reactions

–5) Isotopes of an element can react slightly faster or slower than other isotopes, leading to chemical fractionation

 

2 and 5

 

1

 

3, 4, and 5

 

2 and 4

3, 4, and 5

Which of the following are indirect methods of estimating global temperature changes:

–1) The Mg/Ca ratio of foraminifera in marine sediments

–2) Buoys in the ocean

–3) Thermometers on land

–4) Isotopic changes in ice cores

–5) Tree rings

 

1, 3, and 5

 

1, 4, and 5

 

1, 3, 4, and 5

 

All of the above

1, 4, and 5

What is the fundamental feedback on the temperature of all objects (including Earth) in the solar system

 

Ice cover decreases at the poles when it gets warmer

 

Increased water vapor leads to greater greenhouse warming

 

Black-body radiation: when objects warm a little they radiate far more energy

 

Increased cloud cover reflects more light back into space

Black-body radiation: when objects warm a little they radiate far more energy

If we add 1 ton of methane to the atmosphere and 70 tons of carbon dioxide, they will have an approximately equal effect on global temperature over the next 10 years. Which of the following statements is true:

 

They will have an approximately equal effect on the global temperature over the next 100 years

 

The added carbon dioxide will lead to more warming than the methane over the next 100 years

 

The added methane will lead to more warming than the carbon dioxide over the next 100 years

 

We don’t have enough information to determine which will have a greater effect on climate change over the next 100 years

The added carbon dioxide will lead to more warming than the methane over the next 100 years

Which of the following is a positive feedback on climate change?

 

Increased cloud cover in tropical regions

 

Increased water vapor (a greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere

 

Melting glaciers will allow primary succession and lead to plants removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

 

Stronger hurricanes will cause more damage in coastal communities

Increased water vapor (a greenhouse gas) in the atmosphere

When applied to climate change, the precautionary principle states:

 

Negative feedbacks will always keep the planet’s temperature from getting warm enough to harm human civilization

 

If we are uncertain about the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change, it is wise to curb our CO2 emissions

 

Everything in the climate system is highly interconnected

 

If there is any uncertainty about the science, it is better to put the interests of oil companies first

If we are uncertain about the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change, it is wise to curb our CO2 emissions

Which statement is true about Hurricane Michael:

 

Hurricane Michael was due to climate change

 

Hurricane Michael was not caused by climate change

 

Climate change makes the likelihood of an extreme weather event such as Hurricane Michael more likely

 

Hurricane Michael was caused by anomalously cold water in the Gulf of Mexico

Climate change makes the likelihood of an extreme weather event such as Hurricane Michael more likely

Which of these factors does not contribute to increased frequency of wildfires?

 

Decreased precipitation

 

Melting sea ice

 

A century of fire suppression

 

Higher temperatures

Melting sea ice

Which statement is true about climate change?

 

25 years ago, many scientists agreed that the theory of climate change was supported by most of the evidence, but some remained uncertain.

 

The fossil fuel industry has actively worked to create doubt even when the scientific evidence is clear.

 

Today, an overwhelming amount of evidence has convinced almost all climate scientists that climate change is already happening, is caused by human-produced greenhouse gases, and will have dangerous consequences for ecosystems and society.

 

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following geological processes initiates the chemical transformation of the sediment’s organic material into oil and gas?

A.  Deposition of organic-poor material

B.  Elevated temperatures and pressures

C.  Migration of oil into the source rock

D.  Secondary enrichment by escaping gases

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

b

During conventional oil and gas drilling, this kind of rock is tapped into and is where the oil/gas is trapped. 

 

1. shale

2. limestone

3. sandstone

4. basalt

5. granite

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

 

5

3

In about what year did coal use peak?

1  1850

2  1910

3  1950

4  2000

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

2

Oil drilling in the Gulf of mexico is limited to 1000 feet of water depth.  this means it doesn't occur in water greater than 1000 feet depth.  

1. true 2  false.

 

True

 

False

False

The recovery of oil and gas by injecting large amounts of fluids under high pressure into a single well as the surrounding rock  (shale) is broken up is called:

a.  pressure drilling

B.  hydraulic fracturing

C  deep will drilling

D.  enhanced recovery

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

b

How much ethanol does a gallon of gas contain?

1. 10%

2. 20%

3. 30%

4. 50%

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

1

A major problem with the utilization of wind derived electricity is

1.. wind generators cause cancer

2.. wind energy is sensitive to rain and can’t generate electricity when its raining

3.. The grid is lacking in places where wind energy is generated so there are issues moving the electricity to where it is needed.

4..  The cost of wind energy is highly variable and can’t be predicted from month to month.

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

3

Two ways to generate solar power are

1. photo voltaic

2. electron transfer

3. redox reaction

4. thermal

5. both 1 and 2

6. both 1 and 4

7. both 3 and 4

 

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

 

5

 

6

 

7

6

The fissionable Uranium nuclide is

1. U-238

2. U-235

3. U-234

 

1

 

2

 

3

2

America is to wind as this country is to oil, meaning that the US has a lot of potential to generate wind energy. What country is referred to? 

1..  Belgium

2..  Luxembourg

3..  Iraq

4    Saudi Arabia

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

4

This country's  population grew from 1.5 million in 1600’s to 9 million by mid 1800’s.  They relied on a mono culture    When the crop got a disease they starved.   

 

1. England

2. Ireland

3. France

4. Holland

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

2

Prior to 1840 Europeans used this for a soil amendment to enhance soil fertility. 

1. Sheepskins

2. rubber tires

3. human bones

4. old clothes

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

3

Guano contains a lot of this and it helps plants grow by fertilizing them

A. Organic Potash

B. Available Silica

C.  Fixed Potassium

D.  Fixed Nitrogen

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

d

The potato came from this area 

A.  Mexico

B.  Peru

C.  Canada

 

a

 

b

 

c

b

After 1940 to the present US corn production has increased by _______ fold, in terms of bushels per acre of grain.

1. 25 fold

2. 7 fold

3. 2 fold

4. It is about the same

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

2

About Where does the benefit of adding more fertilizer to corn field begin to flatten or or stop.   Pick the closest answer.  

1. 300-400 pounds per acre

2. 120-200 pounds per acre

3. 10-50 pounds per acre

 

1

 

2

 

3

2

Another word for photosynthesis is

a..  secondary production

b  primary production

c  carbon fixation

d  carbon centrifugation

e   both a and b

f   both b and c

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

 

e

 

f

f

Improved plant breeding led to better corn  yields because of

1 More kernels per cob

2 More cobs per plant

3 Plants that can withstand high density

4  All of the above

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

4

Fresh water floats over salt water

True false

 

 

True

 

False

True

The dead zone is off the coast of this state

a  Louisiana

b  Florida

c  Alabama

 

 

a

 

b

 

c

a

What was the primary source of fuel in the USA in 1855?

 

1  Wood

2  Coal

3  Petroleum

4  Natural gas

5  Hydro power

6  Renewables

 

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

 

5

 

6

1

Oil is:

A.   organic matter transformed into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons

B.  Inorganic matter transformed into liquid hydrocarbons

C.  Organic particles in water

D.  A dense organic-rich cap rock overlain by a porous source rock

 

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

a

Which of the following geological processes initiates the chemical transformation of the sediment’s organic material into oil and gas?

A.  Deposition of organic-poor material

B.  Elevated temperatures and pressures

C.  Migration of oil into the source rock

D.  Secondary enrichment by escaping gases

 

a

 

b

 

c

 

d

b

Coal is formed from organic matter fixed in this earth surface ecosystem

1. marine sediments

2. terrestrial swamp

3. alpine forests

4. boreal forest

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

2

Hydraulic Fracking drills into oil source rock;   this type of rock is

1. granite

2. shale

3. limestone

4. sandstone

5. basalt

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

 

5

2

There are two processes for ethanol production.  One is employed now.  Indicate which one still needs a lot of work and innovation to get it to proceed.  

1. grain ethanol production

2. cellulosic ethanol production

 

1

 

2

2

Nuclear power generates electricity by

1. Heating water, producing steam, and turning a turbine

2. Moving electrons through a semiconductor

3. Moving nuetrons through a semiconductor.

 

1

 

2

 

3

1

A major problem with the utilization of wind derived electricity is

1.. wind generators cause cancer

2.. wind energy is sensitive to rain and can’t generate electricity when its raining

3.. The grid is lacking in places where wind energy is generated so there are issues moving the electricity to where it is needed.

4..  The cost of wind energy is highly variable and can’t be predicted from month to month.

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

3

This country in Europe is most reliant on nuclear power.

1. Germany

2. France

3. Italy

4. England

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

2

The hidden cost of a material or fuel, that is not included in its price, but get’s charged to the public in another way.

1. externality

2. Inconvenience charge

3. Eventuality

4. Indicatorality  

 

1

 

2

 

3

 

4

1