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Time Periods 1 (1491-1607) and 2 (1607-1754)
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Land Bridge
A theoretical land connection that once existed between Asia and North America, allowing for the migration of early humans and animals during the last Ice Age.
Woodland Mound Builders
another name for the Adena-Hopewell, a native culture famous for its large dirt mounds
Iroquois Confederation
a political union of 5 tribes in New York’s Mohawk Valley. known for being a powerful military force
Columbian Exchange
The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and Europe
Line of Demarcation
a north-south line on the world map created by the pope in 1493 to divide the new world between Portugal and Spain
Treaty of Tordesillas
a treaty between Portugal and Spain moving the line of demarcation a few degrees weset
Christopher Columbus
discoverer/first conqueror of the “new world,” believed he was in china
Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors during the 16th century
Encomienda System
a Spanish system giving grants of land and natives to individual Spaniards in the New World
Roanoke Island
location of Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed attempt to establish a settlement off the coast of North Carolina in 1587
Bartolome de Las Casas
a Spanish priest who advocated for better treatment of the natives
Valladolid Debate
the debate over the role of the natives in Spanish colonies
Slave Trade
the forced transportation of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries
Corporate Colonies
operated by joint-stock companies
Royal Colonies
under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government
Proprietary Colonies
under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king
Joint-Stock Company
pooled the savings of many investors, spreading and lessening the individual risk
Virginia Company
sent settlers to create the colony of what is now known as Jamestown. guaranteed the settlers the same rights they would’ve had in England
John Smith
the forceful leader of Jamestown, led the colony to manage to survive its first year by introducing a “no work, no food” policy
John Rolfe
leader of Jamestown after John Smith, married to Pocahontas, led the colony to create a new variety of tobacco
Virginia
the first royal colony; previously known as Jamestown
Puritans
a group who believed the Church of England could be reformed; made up the group who sailed to Massachusetts and founded Boston
John Winthrop
led ~1000 puritans to sail across the Atlantic and became the founder of Boston as a haven for Catholics. “city upon a hill”
Great Migration
nearly 15,000 settlers traveling to Massachusetts Bay after a civil war in 1630s England
House of Burgesses
the first representative assembly in America; created in Virginia a mere 12 years after the founding of Jamestown
Mayflower Compact
an early form of colonial self-government; a rudimentary constitution
Cecil Calvert
the second Lord Baltimore; created a haven for Catholics in America while also achieving great wealth in the colony
Act of Toleration
the first colonial statue granting religious freedom to all Christians but also called for the death of all who denied Jesus
Indentured Servants
young people from the British Isles who agreed to work for a specified period (4-10 years) in exchange for a landowner paying for their passage to America alongside room and board
Headright System
offered 50 acres of land to any immigrant who paid for their own passage or any plantation owner who paid for the passage of an immigrant
Sir William Berkeley
the royal governor of Virginia; used dictatorial powers to govern the colony on behalf of the owners of the largest plantations
Nathaniel Bacon
led a rebellion against Berkley on the behalf of the smaller farmers who were oppressed by the government. died of dysentary
Roger Williams
a respected Puritan Minister who traveled to Boston in 1631. His teachings conflicted with those of the other Puritans, so he fled and founded Providence in 1639 alongside a few followers. founded one of the first Baptist churches in America
Rhode Island
a colony unique for 2 reasons: (1) acknowledged the rights of the natives and paid them for use of the land and (2) allowed Catholics, Quakers and Jews to worship freely. known as the “sewer colony”
Anne Hutchinson
a dissident who questioned the Puritan authorities and believed in antinomianism. founded Portsmouth in 1638 nearby to Providence
Thomas Hooker
led a group of Boston Puritans to found the colony in Hartford. created the first written constitution in America
John Davenport
founded New Haven as a second settlement in Connecticut in 1637
James Oglethorpe
founder & governor of the Georgia colony. ran a rightly disciplined and military like colony. forbade alcohol, slaves, and catholocism
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
first constitution in the colonies; created by Thomas Hooker in 1839
Middle Passage
the specific branch of the Triangle Trade that involved the forced transport of African slaves to the New England colonies
Grandparents
a part of the extended family “created” by the Puritans in New England due to their long life expectancy
Powhatan
Native chief and founder of the Powhatan Confederacy in the James River area of eastern Virginia
Pequot Wars
the general names for the wars and battles fought between the Europeans and the native populations in America in the early-mid 1800s
New Amsterdam Harbor
also known as Manhattan. Purchased by the Dutch West India Company for only a few cents/acre. Company town run in the interests of stockholders. No interest in religious tolerance or democray; persecuted any religious dissenters
Patroonships
feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them
New Sweden
a small, under-funded colony near New Netherland, later absorbed by the Dutch.
Peter Stuyvesant
Dutch general who led the attack on New Sweden leading to the colony being absorbed into New Netherland in 1655
New York
the royal colony created in 1644 after the English takeover of the Dutch New Netherland and New Sweden
Quakers
named after the way they acted during intense religious practices. offended both religious and secular leaders due to their refusal to pay taxes and treat upper classes with deference
William Penn
aristocratic Quaker Englishmen who founded Pennsylvania in 1681 using a royal grant
Pennsylvania
bought (didn’t forcibly take) land from the natives. led by a representative council elected by landowners (white men). allowed complete religious freedom - only used the death penalty for treason and murder. outlawed slavery.
Blue Laws
against stage plays, cards, dice, gambling, & “excessive hilarity”
New Jersey
land given to proprietary aristocrats (Quakers) by the Duke of New York. Many New England settlers moved here due to worn-out soil in their original colonies
Delaware
named after a harsh military governor of Virginia. granted its own political assembly in 1703 but remained under the control of Pennsylvania
Crèvecoeur
a Frenchman who settled in New York territory in 1759; wrote a book called Letters of an American Farmer that established a new standard for writing about America
Jonathan Edwards
a Purist preacher during the Great Awakening known for using fear to communicate his message. Aaron Burr’s grandfather.
George Whitefield
a travelling preacher during the Great Awakening that avoided fear tactics and formed a connection between the colonies by preaching the same message in many places
Great Awakening
a Puritan religious revival of Protestant Christianity across British North America during the mid-1700s