Composed of metal, plastic- coated metal, metalcoated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal.
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Chemical Analysis
Involves extracting the dye and characterizing or identifying its chemistry.
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Mineral Fibers
May be composed of silica obtained from rocks or sand.
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Delustrants
Finely ground particles of materials, such as titanium dioxide, that are introduced into the spinning dope.
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Metameric Colors
Those that appear to match in one set of lighting conditions but do not in another.
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Ramie
________ has frequent, short dislocations, and longer transverse striations.
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Pigment
Are microscopic, water- insoluble particles that are either incorporated into the fiber at the time of production or are bonded to the surface of the fiber by a resin.
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Lyocell
Composed of precipitated cellulose and produced by a solvent extrusion process where no chemical intermediates are formed.
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Rayon
Composed of regenerated cellulose, as well as manufactured fibers composed of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced not more than 15 % of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups.
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Dye
An organic chemical that is able to absorb and reflect certain wavelengths of visible light.
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Simultaneous Contrast
The tendency of a color to induce its opposite in hue, value and intensity upon an adjacent color and be mutually affected in return.
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Thermal properties
________ relate to the softening and melting temperatures for manufactured fibers and the changes the fiber exhibits when heated.
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Wales
Rows of loops along the length of the fabric.
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Optical properties
________, such as refractive index, birefringence, and color, are those traits that relate to a fibers structure or treatment revealed through observation.
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FTIR
________ is the preferred method because it is not destructive of the fibers.
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Yarn
Continuous strands of textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for weaving, knitting, or otherwise entangling to form a textile fabric.
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Abaca
May present spiral elements, but often will have small crown-like structures.
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Microspectrophotometer
An instrument that allows for the color measurement of individual fibers.
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Novoloid
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % of a long- chain polymer of vinylidene dinitrile where the vinylidene dinitrile content is no less than every other unit in the polymer chain.
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Polyester
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % by weight of an ester or a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, including but not restricted to substituted terephthalate units and parasubstituted hydroxybenzoate units.
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Denier
A direct numbering system in which the lower numbers represent the finer sizes and the higher numbers the larger sizes.
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Modacrylic
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of less than 85 % but at least 35 % by weight of acrylonitrile units.
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Courses
Rows of loops across the width of the fabric.
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Vinyon
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % by weight of vinyl chloride units.
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Crimp
The waviness of a fiber expressed as ________ per unit length.
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Spandex
The fiber-forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % of a segmented polyurethane.
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Coir
________ comes from the husk of the coconut and, accordingly, is a very dense, stiff fiber easily identified microscopically.
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Nylon
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85 % of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
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Saran
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 80 % by weight of vinylidene chloride units.
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Mature cotton
________ has a flat, twisted, ribbon- like appearance that is easy to identify.
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Instrumental Analysis
Are objective and repeatable, the results are quantitative, and the methods can be standardized.
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Aramid
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85 % of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings.
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Anidex
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 50 % by weight of one or more esters of a monohydric alcohol and acrylic acid.
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Visual Examination
This method is subjective and because of day- to- day and observer- to- observer variations, it is not always a repeatable method.
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Technical Fiber
Used in cordage, sacks, mats, etc.
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Sisal
________ is relatively easy to identify due to its irregular lumen size, crystals, spiral elements, and annular vessels.
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Filaments
A type of fiber having indefinite or extreme length, such as silk or a manufactured fiber.
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Becke Line
A thin bright line that appears when light rays slightly converge or diverge.
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interference colors
The ________ seen after crossing the polarizing filters relate to a fibers material nature, orientation, and crystallinity.
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Acrylic
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85 % by weight of acrylonitrile units.
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Vinyl
The fiber- forming substance is any long- chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 50 % by weight of ________ alcohol units and in which the total of the ________ alcohol units and any one or more of the various acetal units is at least 85 % by weight of the fiber.
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lower refractive index
If the fiber has a(n) ________ than the mounting medium, it acts as a "diverging "lens and the light rays diverge from the fiber.
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Nonwoven Fabrics
An assembly of textile fibers held together by mechanical interlocking in a random web or mat, by fusing of the fibers or by bonding with a cementing medium.
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higher refractive index
If a fiber has a(n) ________ than the medium in which it is mounted, it acts as a converging lens, concentrating light within the fiber.
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Natural Fiber
any fiber that exists as a fiber in its natural state
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Manufactured Fiber
any fiber derived by a process of manufacture from any substance that, at any point in the manufacturing process, is not a fiber
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Protein fibers
composed of polymers of amino acids
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Cellulosic fibers
made of polymers formed from carbohydrates
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Mineral (inorganic) fibers
may be composed of silica obtained from rocks or sand
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Synthetic fibers
made of polymers that originate from small organic molecules that combine with water and air
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Staple Fibers
natural fibers (except silk) or cut lengths of filament, typically being 7/8-8in (2.2-28.5cm) in length
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Denier
a direct numbering system in which the lower numbers represent the finer sizes and the higher numbers the larger sizes
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Acrylic
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of acrylonitrile units
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Anidex
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 50% by weight of one or more esters of a monohydric alcohol and acrylic acid
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Aramid
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polyamide in which at least 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings
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Glass
the fiber-forming substance is glass
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Lyocell
composed of precipitated cellulose and produced by a solvent extrusion process where no chemical intermediates are formed
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Metallic
composed of metal, plastic-coated metal, metalcoated plastic, or a core completely covered by metal
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Modacrylic
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of less than 85% but at least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile units
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Nylon
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polyamide in which less than 85% of the amide linkages are attached directly to two aromatic rings
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Polyester
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester or a substituted aromatic carboxylic acid, including but not restricted to substituted terephthalate units and parasubstituted hydroxybenzoate units
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Saran
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 80% by weight of vinylidene chloride units
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Spandex
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane
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Vinyon
the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85% by weight of vinyl chloride units
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Yarn
continuous strands of textile fibers, filaments, or material in a form suitable for weaving, knitting, or otherwise entangling to form a textile fabric
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Z-twist; S-Twist
no twist at all
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Plied Yarn
formed from a number of smaller single yarns twisted together
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Fabric
a textile structure produced by interlacing yarns, fibers, or filaments with a substantial surface area in relation to its thickness
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Woven Fabrics
those fabrics composed of two sets of yarns, called warp and weft, and are formed by the interlacing of these sets of yarns
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Courses
rows of loops across the width of the fabric
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Wales
rows of loops along the length of the fabric
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Nonwoven Fabrics
an assembly of textile fibers held together by mechanical interlocking in a random web or mat, by fusing of the fibers or by bonding with a cementing medium
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Crimp
the waviness of a fiber expressed as crimps per unit length
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Cross-sectional shape
the shape of an individual filament when cut at a right angle to its long axis, is a critical characteristic of fiber analysis
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Animal Fibers
come either from mammals (hairs) or from certain invertebrates, such as the silkworm
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Manufactured fibers
the various families of fibers produced from fiber-forming substances, which may be synthesized polymers, modified or transformed natural polymers, or glass
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Synthetic fibers
those manufactured fibers that are synthesized from chemical compounds
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Spinning Dope Synthetic fibers
are formed by extruding a fiber-forming substance, through a hole or holes in a shower head-like device called a spinneret
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Polarized light microscope
the primary tool for the identification and analysis of manufactured fibers
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Pigment
are microscopic, water-insoluble particles that are either incorporated into the fiber at the time of production or are bonded to the surface of the fiber by a resin
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Visual Examination
this method is subjective and because of day-to-day and observer-to-observer variations, it is not always a repeatable method
Studied by 5 people
