HUN 6535 Copper, Fluoride, Chromium

cuprous state

Cu+

cupric state

Cu++

true or false: copper shifts between Cu+ and Cu++ states during enzyme action

true

most copper is bound to

amino acids in food

copper is released during

digestion (HCl, pepsin, and proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze protein and release copper)

copper is absorbed both by ____ and by ____

active transport and diffusion

____% of ingested copper is absorbed

30-50%

what enhances copper absorption

amino acids and citric, gluconic and other acids

what inhibits copper absorption

Zinc above 18.5 mg, excessive iron intake, excessive Calcium intake above 2,300mg, excess antacids, fiber (phytates)

in the intestine, copper is absorbed and binds to

metallothionein

copper leaves the intestine bound to

albumi

copper is stored in the liver as

metallothionein

copper is bound to enzymes and acts as a(n) ____

antioxidant

in the plasma, copper either circulates as ___ or is bound to ___

circulates as ceruloplasmin or is bound to albumin

Ceruloplasmin

Major copper carrying protein in the blood

copper is found in the body in ____ (small or large) amounts

small, ~ 100 mg

what synthesizes ceruloplasmin

the liver

what is the major route for excretion of copper

via bile into the GI tract

copper containing tissues are

brain, heart, bones, muscle, skin, intestine, spleen, hair, and nails

copper is part of feroxidase 1, which is needed for the synthesis of

hemoglobin

there are __ genetic diseases that involve copper

two, Menkes disease and Wilson's disease

Menkes disease

a genetic disorder of copper transport that creates a copper deficiency. copper is absorbed but cannot be released

Wilson's disease

a genetic disorder of copper metabolism that creates a copper toxicity. copper accumulates in the liver and brain

water fluoridation includes __ ppm of fluoride

1 ppm

fluoride toxicity can occur when the concentration reaches ___ ppm

150 ppm

what is fluorosis

Fluoride toxicity during tooth development. Irreversible pitting and discoloration of teeth

fluoride works to remineralize bones and teeth by

incorporating into the hydroxyapatite, forming fluoroapattite

what is one of the nation's most widespread health problems that affects 95% of the population

dental caries

what, besides water, contains fluoride?

fish and most teas

chromium exists in several oxidation states, such as

Cr2-, Cr6+, Cr3+

which is the most stable and important oxidation state of chromium for human health

Cr3+