Chapter 15: Union Divided: The Civil War (1861– 1865)

First Battle of Bull Run (1861)

Early Civil War engagement ending in defeat for the Union army; this battle convinced many in the North that victory over the Confederacy would not be as easy as they first thought it would be

Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863, proclamation that freed slaves in Southern territories was controlled by the Union army

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Bloodiest overall battle of the Civil War; many historians claim that the Southern defeat in this battle was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy

Appomattox

Virginia courthouse where General Robert E. Lee surrendered Confederate forces on April 9, 1865

1860

Lincoln elected president

1860

South Carolina secedes from Union

1861

Confederate States of America created

1861

Attack on Fort Sumter

1861

First Battle of Bull Run

1861

Union begins blockade of Southern ports

1862

New Orleans captured by Union navy

1862

Battle of Shiloh Conscription begins in Confederate states

1862

Emancipation of slaves in Southern states begins

1862

Battle of Antietam

1862

British announce they will not aid the Confederacy in any substantial way

1863

Emancipation Proclamation Conscription begins in the North; draftees may hire "replacements"

1863

Draft riots in New York City

1863

Crucial Union victory at Vicksburg

1863

Crucial Union victory at Gettysburg

1863

First black soldiers enlist in Union army

1864

Abraham Lincoln reelected

1864

General Sherman carries out his “march to the sea”

1864

Desertion becomes a major problem in the Confederate army

1865

General Lee surrenders at Appomattox

1865

Abraham Lincoln assassinated

James Buchanan

In December 1860, he declared *secession illegal* but believed there were no constitutional grounds to compel states to stay in the Union.

Fort Sumter

A fortress on an island in Charleston harbor, was ordered evacuated by the new South Carolina government.

Crittenden Plan

It called for federal protection of slavery where it existed and the formal extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, with territory south of the line open to slavery and north free.

Southern Cotton

Slavery's centrality to secession undermined Confederate cotton diplomacy with Britain and France. European powers wanted __________ and were unfriendly to the U.S.

**On to Richmond**

Once Virginia seceded, the Confederate capital moved to Richmond. Northern newspapers editorialized "__________!" believing that taking this city near Washington D.C. would end the war.

General Winfield Scott

He the elderly U.S. Army commander, was the only important official who thought the war would be long and hard.

Battle of Bull Run

On July 21, 1861, this force was defeated by an equally green Confederate army at the First _____________.

July 21, 1861

First Battle of Bull Run

Anaconda Plan

Scott's plan, dubbed the _________ by uninformed journalists, was to blockade the southern coastline and seize the Mississippi River to economically strangle the Confederacy before well-trained federal armies finished it off.

**national draft**

**Jefferson Davis** also realized that he faced a long and difficult war. In April 1862, he convinced the Confederate Congress to establish the first ________.

Ulysses S. Grant

In February 1862, ___________ captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in Tennessee, taking many prisoners and driving back Confederate forces in the Mississippi Valley.

General McClellan

In November 1861, he replaced General Scott as Union army commander.

Merrimack

To avoid the Union blockade, the Confederates built the ironclad _______.

**Confederate Army**

All white men 18–35 were drafted into the **__________** for three years. The ages were later extended from 17 to 50. The draft proved to be very unpopular.

Battle of Antietam

General McClellan's army defeated Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland at the __________ on September 17, 1862, the bloodiest day of the Civil War.

September 17, 1862

Battle of Antietam

Emancipation Proclamation

It changed the nature of the war. The North now wanted to extend freedom and end a rebellion.

January 1, 1863

Emancipation Proclamation

Robert E. Lee

He won the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, 1862, and the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 1–3, 1863.

July 4, 1863

The Battle of Vicksburg ended with the city's surrender on __________.

Chattanooga

On November 23–25, General Grant won the Battle of __________ in southeastern Tennessee, opening an invasion route into Georgia.

General William Tecumseh Sherman

In May 1864, _____________'s army targeted Atlanta, Georgia, while Grant accompanied Meade's army toward Richmond.

April 14, 1865

Lincoln’s Assassination

Andrew Johnson

He succeeded President Lincoln