APUSH Period 6

Fredrick Taylor

engineer who created the principles of scientific management to make factory production faster and more efficient

J.P. Morgan

powerful financier and banker who controlled American finance - dedication to modernization transformed American business

John D. Rockefeller

Industrial who amassed a great fortune through Standard Oil Trust

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish-born Industrial who made a fortune in steel

Horizontal integration

Merging one or more companies of the same business activity - Ex, Standard Oil (Rockefeller) used this to limit competition and increase profits

Vertical integration

A single company brings together several activities used in the process of creating a product - such as the acquisition of raw materials, manufacturing of product, and marketing, selling and distribution of product - Ex. Carnegie Steel used this to increase profits.

robber baron

Derogatory term refers to the industrialists and bankers of the late 1800s who placed profits over the public interest

Conspicuous consumption

refers to how people spend money in excess of what is necessary to fulfill their needs - by economist Thorstein Veblen

Conspicuous consumption

People openly consume products they don't need in order to gain social status

gilded age

refers to the celebration of wealth and conspicuous consumption that became part of the American culture in the late 1800s - by Mark Twain

Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890

authorized the federal government to break up any business combination that was "in restraint of trade" - Intended to break up monopolies - instead used primarly against labor unions.

Knights of Labor 1869

Nationwide labor union that was open to all workers - reached its peak in 1886 before beginning decline in membership

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

triggered by wage cuts for railroad workers that spread nationwide - President Rutherford Hayes ordered U.S. troops end the strike

Haymarket Square 1886

after Police fired into a crowd of 10,000 protesting workers in Chicago, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality - a bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police, promoted anti-union and anti-integration feelings

Homestead Strike 1892

Strike against Carnegie's steel plant - Company Officials called 300 armed Pinkerton detectives in July to stop strikers who were angry over pay cuts - Armed strikers forced them to surrender - killed 10 people and left 60 wounded

Pullman Strike 1894

Pullman Palace Car Company workers in Chicago went on strike due to poor wages and a shutdown of westerns railroads

Eugene Debs

Head of the American Railway Union and leader of the Pullman strike, which led to his imprisonment for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking - in prison he became a socialist and ran for president 5X as the Socialist Party's candidate

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886

Nationwide labor union that by the 1890's was open only to skilled, white workers

American Federation of Labor (AFL) 1886

known as a "Bread and butter" union because it sought only to achieve higher wages, minimize hours, and improve working conditions rather than transform American society

Samuel Gompers

cigar maker who founded the American Federation of Labor

Mother Jones

nickname for Marry Harris Jones - Irish-American woman who became a prominent labor organizer - led several significant strikes and co-founded the radical industrial Workers of the World in 1905

The New South

used by southerners who wanted to promote economic changes in the South - including industrialization, diversification of crops, and integration with the national economy

sharecropping

aka tenant farming - aka Crop-lien system -system of credit used by cotton farmers in the South - those that did not own land worked - obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants - they held a lien (right) on the cotton crop and the merchants and landowners were the first ones paid from its sale - leftovers went to the farmer

Laissez faire

principle that government should not interfere in the workings of a free Market economy

Social Darwinism

Philosophy that competition leads to the betterment of society through the survival of the fittest - are opposed to regulating competition or assisting the poor

Henry George

Economic reformer whose book "Progress and Poverty" (1879) advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a single tax on the value of unused land

Edward Bellamy

Author of "Looking Backward" (1888) - a utopian novel that described the world of the future - claimed the world in 2000 would be based on a new social order in which poverty and corrupt politics were unknown and cooperation replaced competition

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's idea that the people who possess great wealth had an obligation to use their wealth for the public good

Social Gospel

Religious doctrine preached by those who believed that Christian churches should directly address economic and social problems

Grange 1867

Organization that brought farmers together to promote their economic and political interests

Granger Laws

laws passed by Midwestern states in the late 1860s and early 1870s to help farmers, primarily by regulating railroads

Farmers' Alliance

Farmer organization in the 1870s and 1880s that supported government regulation of railroads - establishment of an income tax, and cheap money (inflation) to help farmers

Colored Farmers' Alliance 1886

Organization of Af-Am farmers in Texas who had been barred from joining the Southern Farmers Alliance - fought against rising farm costs and high interest rates

Las Gorras Blancas 1889

aka the "White Caps"- Secret organization of Spanish-speaking NM that fought against Anglo-Americans who had taken land away from Hispanic families

Peoples (populist) Party 1891

Political Party created by farmers (primarily in the South and Midwest) who had been hurt by debt, low prices for their crops, and railroad monopolies

Omaha Platform 1892

political platform of the Populist Party in the election of 1892 - called for free coinage of silver, the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, civil service reform, an eight-hour work day, and government control of all railroads, telegraphs and telephones

Gold standard

Monetary system in which currency is based upon a fixed quantity of gold - Debtors are often hurt by the higher interest rates and the deflationary pressure associated

free silver

A central cause of the Populist movement -favored the "Free coinage of sliver " to inflate the American economy and allow farmers to easily pay debts

Panic of 1893

Deep economic depression caused by high protective tariffs and a return to the gold standard

William Jennings Bryan 1896

US representative from Kansas - became the nominee of both Democratic and Populist Parties in 1896 after famous "Cross of Gold" speech - campaigned against the gold standard, calling for the free coinage of silver

Old Immigration

Immigrants from northern and western Europe who made up most of the immigration to the US before the 1890s

New immigration

Immigrants who came primarily from southern and eastern Europe - arrived in the US during the 1890s - generally did not assimilate as well as Old Immigrants

Ellis Island

Island in New York Harbor that served as the inspection station for millions of immigrants coming to the United States from 1892-1954

assimilation

Process by which immigrant and minority groups were absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

Chinese exclusion act 1882

Law that prohibited Chinese labors from entering the United States

American Protective Association 1887

Organization created by American nativists that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

Tenements

run down and overcrowded apartments in poor sections of cities, often occupied by immigrants

Railroad subsidies

Government grants of land or money to railroad companies to build railroads in the West

Morrill Land Grant Acts 1862&1890

Laws passed that granted federal land to states for the purpose of building colleges

Federick Jackson Turner

Historian who argued that cheap, abundant land and the settlement of the American West were the dominant factors in creating American democracy and shaping national character

Crazy Horse

Lakota ldr who resisted white movement into the Black Hills and fought at the Battle of Little Big Horn - Killed by U.S. soldiers in 1877

Sitting Bull

a Lakota Holy man who led a resistance against the U.S. government policies toward Indians -His visions led to the battle of Little Big Horn - Killed in the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890

Great Sioux War 1876-1881

War between the US army and the tribes (Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho) that took part in the Battle of Little Big Horn - ended in 1881 with the surrender of Sitting Bull

Little Big Horn 1876

River in Montana where George Custer and the US cavalry attacked an Indian encampment - Most of Custer's forces died in the battle

Chief Joseph

Nez Perce chief in the NW who led his tribe in an attempt to escape to Canada in 1877. - US troops forced him to surrender - He and his people were exiled to a reservation

Helen Hunt Jackson

Author of "A Century of Dishonor" (1881), a book that advocated improved treatment of American Indians

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

Law that intended to break up Indian reservations into individual farms and turn American Indians into homesteaders

Dawes Severalty Act 1887

Designed to end common ownership of land. Surplus lands were sold to raise $ for Indian education

Ghost Dance

Indian belief that centered on a ritual dance that would bring about an Indian Messiah who would banish the whites, bring back the buffalo, and restore the land to the Indians

Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890

Last Major encounter between Indians and the U.S. Army - The Lakota Indians were overpowered by U.S. troops and roughly 300 Lakota died

Patronage

aka spoils system - granting government appointments to friends, political supporters, and party loyalists

Credit Mobilier

Company created to build the Union Pacific Railroad - 1872, it was discovered they bribed congressman to gain federal subsidies for the construction of the railroad

Tammany Hall

aka Tweed Ring - Corrupt political organization that controlled New York

William Tweed

Politician who controlled the "Tweed Ring" Tammany Hall in New York City - known as "boss" - sent to jail in 1877, died in jail in 1878 - helped destroy the Tweed Ring in NYC and played a role in the outcome of several presidential elections

Whiskey Ring

Distillers and revenue officials in St. Louis who defrauded the gov't of millions of $s

Mugwumps

Reformers (mostly Republicans) who wanted Civil service reform and an end to political corruption

Pendleton Act 1883

Law that created the civil service commission and instituted the Merit system for federal hiring and jobs

Thomas Nast

political cartoonist - known for attacking corruption in business and politics

Interstate Commerce Act 1887

The first federal regulation agency - Established to regulate railroads

Australian (secret) ballot

Election ballot printed by the gov't rather than political parties that was marked privately by voters - Most states had moved to the secret ballot by the 1880s with Kentucky as the last state to adopt a secret ballot in 1891

Initiative and referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gave voters a chance to introduce, approve, or disapprove proposed legislation or propose constitutional amendments

Socialism

System of gov't that provides for more gov't regulation of business and gov't ownership of some businesses

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Grandfather clauses

Method of denying Af-Am the right to vote by not letting anyone vote whose grandfather had not voted

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

Supreme Court decision that upheld a Louisiana law requiring racial segregation of the railroad facilities on the ground that "separate but equal facilities were constitutional under the 14th amendment"

Booker T. Washington

Former slave who became an educator and founded Tuskegee Institute to provide training in agriculture and crafts for Af-Am students

Atlanta Compromise 1895

Speech made by Booker T. Washington in which he urged Af-Am to accept disenfranchisement and segregation for the time being, working for economic advancement instead

Ida Wells-Barnett

Af-Am civil rights activist who championed anti-lynching legislation

W.E.B. DuBois

African American historian and civil rights activist - cofounder of the National Association for the advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909 - familiar presence in NY during Harlem Renaissance

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) 1869

Organization led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony that fought for women's suffrage, equal rights for women, and the right for women to join labor unions - accepted only women as members

American Women Suffrage Association (AWSA) 1869

Organization led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howard that fought only for women's suffrage - accepted men as members

Women's Christian Temperance Uniton (WCTU) 1874

Women's organization that opposed alcoholic beverages and supported reforms such as women's suffrage

Jane Adams

Founded a settlement house (Hull House) in Chicago in 1889 that offered practical help and material aide to immigrants - regarded as the greatest American woman of the early 1900's - awarded the Noble Peace in 1931

Lillian Wald

Founder of a settlement house in New York City in 1893 - began movement to improve medical care for all citizens and improve the way medical professionals acted case by case - Advocate for child labor legislation and Women's suffrage