Introduction to Psychological Science: Quiz 5

Chapter 7 Memory & Chapter 8

Memory

The power to recall that which has been learned

• Memory is connected to learning

Three key processes of memory

Encoding

Storage

Retrieving

Encoding

Must be coded so that it can be communicated to brain

• Putting information into memory system ( 5 basic senses)

• Icons and echoes

Storage

Maintaining information into memory system over time

Capacity

Duration

Storage Capacity

How much information?

Storage Duration

How long?

Retrieval

Locating information stored in memory and bringing it to conscious awareness

• Search and recall process (measuring memory)

• Involves two processes: Recall and Recognition

• once it is gone, it is gone

• you don’t use it, you lose it

What 2 processes are involved with Retrieval?

Recall and Recognition

Three separate memory stores

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Sensory Memory (Sensory Registers)

Have a register for each sense

• Register is like a file cabinet

Icons

Visual

Echoes

sound

How much information can fit in Storage Capacity?

Moderate quantity of information

How much time does Duration usual have?

1 to 2 seconds

What lingers longer than Icons?

Echoes

What Theory is associated with Retrieval?

Decay Theory

Cognitive Process (SM to STM)

Is a strategy used to transfer information to the next memory system to be processed further

• Selective attention

• focus on information

• Concentrate on information for transfer to working memory

What two terms are used interchangeably?

Short Term Memory & Working Memory

Short Term Memory

A storage place that holds information for a short period

Working Memory

The part of memory system that allows us to mentally work with or manipulate information being held in STM

Short Term Memory (Encoding)

Acoustic Coding

Visual Coding

Research supports these findings - error

5 basic senses

Acoustic Coding

Sounds like

Visual Coding

Looks like

What dominates Short Term Memory Encoding?

Acoustic

What seems to fade more quickly in Short Term Memory: Encoding ?

Visual

Short Term Memory (Storage)

Storage

Capacity

Limited

Average adult can hold 7+ / -2 items

5-9 items

Short Term Memory (Storage Capacity)

Things one can do to increase storage capacity

Chunking; can help increase the amount held in short-term memory

Chunks

larger, meaningful groupings of information

Short Term Memory (Automaticity)

Knowing information so well it becomes automatic

Example of Short Term Memory Automaticity

Your ABC’S or multiplication tables

Short Term Memory (Duration)

• Duration

• Transfer to LTM

How long can Duration (STM) last without rehearsal?

20 seconds

What are the two types of Rehearsal?

Maintenance/Rote & Elaborative

Maintenance/Rote Rehearsal

Just repeating information over a give

Maintenance/Rote Rehearsal Example

Remember a Pin number over and over again

Elaborative Rehearsal

Give it meaning; repeat

Relate to something in LTM

Elaborative Rehearsal Example

Acronym (PEMDAS)

Long Term Memory

• Our vast library or more durable stored memories

• 2 types of memory: Declarative & Non-declarative

Declarative

• Involves factual knowledge

• Knowledge for facts, rules, and generalizations

• Verbal

2 types of declarative memory

Semantic and Episodic

Semantic Memory

• Generalized knowledgE

• Meaning

• Dictionary type information

Episodic Memory

• Memory for an event, as it happened

• Personal events

• Diary type information

Non-declarative Memory

• Knowledge for acquired behaviors

• Non-verbal

Procedural memory

• Motor skills and actions

• “How to do something” memory

Stages (Processes) of Memory

• Encoding

  • Levels of processing

• Surface vs Deep coding

Surface Coding (processing)

5 basic senses

• Structural

• Phonological

Structural (Surface Coding)

Looks like

Phonological (Surface Coding)

Sounds like

Deep Coding (processing)

Semantic coding: meaning

Storage Capacity

Virtually unlimited

Storage Duration

Virtually unlimited

Stages Processes of Memory: Retieval

Connection between storage and retrieval

Recall from memory

Theories of Forgetting

• Why do we forget?

• Decay/ Fading theory

• Use it or lose it

• Especially likely in sensory registers and short-term memory

Motivated Forgetting

• Forget because it is too painful to remember

• Repression (Freudian)

• Psychogenic Amnesia

Interference/Inhibition

• Something is blocking your recall

• Newly learned information blocks recall or earlier learned information

• Old information is replaced or blocked by learning of newer information

Proactive Information

• Earlier learned information blocks the recall of newly learned information

• New information is not encoded because it is being blocked by older information