court cases

Gitlow v. New York

incorporated first amendment protections to apply to states

Schenck v. United States

established the “clear and present danger” test for limiting free speech

Tinker v. Des Moines

affirmed students right to free speech in schools (students wearing armbands to protest the Vietnam war)

New York Times v. United States

protected the press from government censorship

Miranda v. Arizona

established ‘miranda rights’ for individuals in police custody

Griswold v. Connecticut

Recognized the right to martial privacy and access to contraceptives

Brown v. Board of Education

ended racial segregation in schools

Roe v. Wade

right to priavcy

Obergefell v. Hodges

legalized same sex marriage nationwide

Lawrence v. Texas

struck down sodomy laws, affirming the right to private sexual conduct

United States v. Windsor

struck down part of the Defense of Marriage Act, supporting same-sex marriage rights

Loving v. Virgina

struck down state laws banning interracial marriage

Gideon v. Wainwright

guaranteed the right to an attorney in felony cases

Mapp v. ohio

applied the exclusionary rule (evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court)

Texas v. Johnson

flag burning is protected under the first amendment (free speech)

Engel v. Vitale

banned mandatory school prayer

McDonald v. Chicago

right to keep and bear arms applies to state and local governments

Travis v. United States

double jeapordy