ap gov full review

"third world," an outdated term

the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

liberal democracy

A system with political competition, economic freedom, civil rights and liberties, and open access to information.

the purpose of comparing

comparing helps us further the understanding of problems and privileges of various countries

empirical statements

state fact

normative statements

value judgement

inputs and outputs of a political system

inputs: Political parties and interest groups

output: policies decisions and actions

linkage institution

Political system that still play an important role by providing input and feedbacks

• they link the people of the country to the policies in government

causation

a correlation in which a change in one variable results in a change in others.

correlation

. An apparent connection between variables.

permeability

a measure of border security, for positive & negative movements

traditional legitimacy

The right to rule because "it has always been this way."

charismatic legitimacy

The right to rule based on the personality of an individual.

sovereign

they may choose to implement a decision or law by force with no consequence from any higher authority.

government

the part of the state with legitimate public authority; the group of people and organizations that hold political authority in a state at any one time.

fascist

Authoritarian regimes, such as Hitler's and Mussolini's. Totalitarian in nature with attempts to impose state control of one's life.

GDP, gross domestic product

The total value of goods and services produced in a country

Social democracy

A system with competitive elections and civil rights, coupled with an emphasis on economic equality.

less-developed

a country that is considered lacking in terms of its economy, infrastructure and industrial base. the population of a lesser-developed country often has a relatively low standard of living, due to low incomes and abundant poverty.

newly industrializing countries

a country whose level of economic development ranks it somewhere between the developing and first-world classifications.

Illiberal Democracy

A procedural democracy, with elections, buit without real competition, and lacking some civil rights and liberties.

politics

the processes through which groups of people govern themselves or are governed; activities associated with the exercise of authority

radical

Political extremes to the right or left, though more commonly designated to the left

political culture

the history, value, beliefs, and traditions that influence political behavior

rational-legal legitimacy

The right to rule based on a widely accepted system of laws and procedures

under-developed countries

The poorest countries. . .the bottom 12. . .sometimes described as 4th world

federal system

A system of government that separates power between two levels

reactionaries

Those who want to restore political, social, economic institutions that existed in the past

corporatism

When groups, such as business and/or labor, work closely with government in policy-making

globalization

The process of expanding and intensifying the interconnections among states, societies and economies

political ideology

A set of political beliefs and values about the goals of government

Cleavages

Factors that separate groups

political efficacy

Political participants feel their efforts will influence government policy.

Marxism/Communism

The theory that in a struggle over resources, the elite will dominate; and the proletariat will create a classless state and live in common

transparency

A political system that has nothing to hide

unitary system

A system of government that stresses a central authority with support from below (Ex: China & UK)

political economy

The relationship between political and economic systems

National Health Services (NHS)

Able to create the institutions necessary to run such an operation, but also able to fund promises of the NHS

States

countries and nations

Max Weber

• "Monopoly on violence" vs. "Monopoly on the legitimate use on physical"

beyond sovereignty

states must also possess a body of people, a territory with defined boundaries of sovereign rule, and upon the supremacy of the state as the foundational unit

strong state

the ability to enact a policy and see through its execution and enforcement (also called the cpacity)

Autonomy

the ability to carry and enact out a policy without the support of the public.

Capacity

the ability of a state to carry out a policy effectively.

Charismatic Legitimacy and Personality Cult

a single individual captures the attention of the state and serves as the basis of legitimacy.

Confederation

central government is not sovereign over the regional government.

coup d'etat

military of the state acts internally to displace those currently in power and seize power for itself.

Devolution

central government gives up certain power to the regional government to achieve a policy objective.

European Union

supranational organization

Failed State

unable to provide basic law and order to people

Federal State

legal constitutional division of power between central and regional governments which gives each some power

Government

individuals exercising potical power from positions of authority.

Legitimacy

people accept the right of the state to rule over them.

Linkage institution

s system that links the citizens to government policies.

Monopoly on violence

monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force

Nation

bonded together by a shared sense of political identity, wanting to maintain self government.

National Health Service

provides health care to British citizens

Rational-Legal Legitimacy

formal understood legal practices and rules of the political game determine who wields political power and when.

Reform

changes to rules that do not alter political systems

Regime

refers to the rules and systems under which political processes take place.

Revolution

a fundamental change

Sovereign

states choosing to implement laws and policies without any consequence from higher authority.

State

country

State Institution

all actors that participate in the policymaking and and policy implementation functions of the state.

Stateless nation

poorly integrated into their political system of the state and want to separate and form own nation which is unrealized.

Strong States

states that are able to enact a policy and see its enforcement

Supranational Organizations

governing bodies that support sovereign states to send representatives to make decisions for a whole.

Traditional Legitimacy

When rulers acquire status and power through old traditions, maintained for consistency in the present

Unitary State

concentrate almost all power at central level

World Trade Organization (WTC)

Principles to help make trade more free and fair between states, especially for reducing tariffs, quotas, and other restrictions on trade that states may impose

Constitution

acts as the supreme and fundamental basis for determining how the political process occurs

government

Individuals currently exercising political power from official position of authority

United Nations

a group with member states that hold sessions to discuss global issues and plans solutions to crises.

Nation

people groups who are bonded together by a shared sense of a sovereign political destiny, most commonly the desire to gain or maintain sovereign self-government

Weak States

states that are unable to provide basic needs to citizens

World Trade Organization

agree to make trade more free and fair between states by limiting its restriction.

Political Attitude

The rate at which someone believes political change should occur; how fast a person thinks political change should occur.

Radical

A political attitude that wants fast, revolutionary change, and is completely dissatisfied with the status quo.

Liberal

A political attitude that wants things to change through progressive reform over time.

Reactionary

A political attitude that sees the current regime as unfit to rule, and wants to restore the regime back to an earlier point believed to be better via revolution or political violence.

Conservative

A political attitude that is generally satisfied with the status quo and views proposed changes with skepticism and caution.

Centripetal forces

Forces within a state that unify the people, such as a common religion, connected roads, similar political views, etc.

Centrifugal forces

Forces within a state that divide and polarize the people, such as religious conflict, varying political views, etc.

Cleavages

Political views that divide groups in society against one another because of conflicting goals.

Coinciding Cleavages

Cleavages that reinforce the divide in society to the point that it threatens the existence of a unified state. This is when all cleavages run the same direction, splitting the state into large groups against each other with massive differences.

Cross-Cutting Cleavages

Cleavages that occur when two cleavages do not align in a way that reinforces the divide between two sides, and helps promote stability. Not all cleavages run in the same direction, splitting them into small groups that stops too large of a group from being entirely dissatisfied.

Political ideology

A person's preference for the goal of politics.

Liberalism

A political ideology that prioritizes economic and personal freedom as the central goals of a political system, and want the state to refrain from interference in the everyday lives of most people as much as possible.

Communism

A political ideology that believes true freedom comes in the form of complete economic equality, and that economic freedom only occurs for those not suffering due to massive economic inequality. It seeks to abolish social classes and make everyone equal through state control of all economic activity.

Social Democracy (Socialism)

A political ideology in economic equality, but rejects state control of the market. It seeks to balance economic classes through redistributive tax, pulic goods, benefit policies, and sees a valuable role in the private market.

Fascism

A political ideology that rejects equality and freedom, and asserts the superiority of certain people over others. They want to demonstrate the power of their own people through unwavering loyalty to the state and its leadership.

Anarchism

A political ideology that believes the state is not helpful in equality or freedom, and seeks to remove the state altogether, believing that the most free and fair way is to let people live by their own laws in local communities.

Political culture

Basic norms for political activity in a country; how people expect politics to work.

Globalization

The idea that technology, information flow, finance, trade policy, environmental concerns, and other issues have brought the work together and made each state dependent on each other in the modern era.

Modernization

The shift of states away from religious and cultural tradition to secular and rational values that emphasize scientific progress, economic development, and individual rights.

Democratization

The shift away from autocratic regimes in the late 20th century and the growth of election-based regimes. Even authoritarian regimes try to hold elections, although not fair ones necessarily, which is possibly the strongest evidence that elections and the people's voice is now seen as "good" in the modern world.

Citizenship

The legal relationship between person and the state, where the state provides certain privileges to the person and the person pledges loyalty to the state. It has nothing to do with ethnicity, culture, or nationality.

Patriotism

Pride in the state that one resides in.

Nationalism

Pride in the belief that a certain people group can achieve their political goals.

Nations

People groups that can often share ethnicity, similar historical backgrounds, culture, language, and sometimes religion as well as one political aspiration such as sovereignty for their own state.

Ethnicity

The attributes defined by a group of people that make them distinct from others, like cultural heritage, ancestry, history, language, homeland, religion, ideology, or symbolic identifiers like dress. It is largely cultural and ascribed by the group itself, rather than anything formal or official.