Exam 2 - Carbohydrates & Lipids

What fraction of the fatty acid structure is soluble in water?

a) w carbon

b) a carbon

c) methyl group

d) carboxyl group

e) carbon chain

Carboxyl group

According to Williams et al. (2019), dietary fiber can be classified based on the following characteristics, EXCEPT:

a) ability to be digested by microbes in the GI tract

b) origin

c) degree of dissolution in solvents

d) degree of lignification

e) physiological response in the host

Degree of lignification

The following are characteristics of rancidity, EXCEPT:

a) oxidative rancidity occurs in fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

b) hydrolytic rancidity may result in bad odor/flavor

c) oxidative rancidity is auto catalytic and causes bad odor/flavor

d) hydrolytic rancidity results from the splitting of fatty acids from glycerol

e) hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

Hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Starch

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Fiber

Insoluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Glycogen

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Pectin

Relatively soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Glucose

Soluble

Match the following carbohydrate according to their solubility:

Galactose

Soluble

The following are fiber components, EXCEPT:

a) hemicellulose

b) pectin

c) cellulose

d) lignin

e) amylopectin

Amylopectin

What enzyme is added to the diet of non-ruminants to increase the availability of feed phosphorous?

Phytase

A major difference between white adipocytes and brown adipocytes is the number of...?

a) vacuoles

b) mitochondria

c) nuclei

d) bilayer membranes

e) ribosomes

Vacuoles and mitochondria

The following characteristics have been suggested to benefit from fish oil DHA, EXCEPT:

a) reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease

b) reduce the levels of triacylglycerol in the blood

c) important for reproductive performance

d) delay brain aging

Important for reproductive performance

The following are potential benefits of DNA and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids), EXCEPT:

a) may be converted from linolenic acid at a high rate (>99%)

b) may improve health in the pregnant woman and fetal development

c) may lower blood triacylglycerol levels

d) may reduce inflammation

e) may lower the risk of death by heart disease

May be converted from linolenic acid at a high rate (>99%)

Which of the following nutrients does not have its absorption limited by phytic acid (phytate)?

a) phosphorous

b) starch

c) protein

d) sodium

e) zinc

Sodium

Where are chylomicrons formed?

a) stomach parietal cells

b) pancreatic islets of Langerhans

c) none of these

d) intestinal enterocytes

e) liver gall bladder

Intestinal enterocytes

Fatty acids and carbohydrates are composed primarily of CHO. Which of the following sentences differentiates fatty acid structures from carbohydrates?

a) the greater proportion of hydrogen in the molecule

b) the presence of C atoms double bonded to oxygen

c) the presence of an amino group

d) the greater number of oxygen atoms double bonded to carbon

e) the absence of double bonds in the molecule

The greater proportion of hydrogen in the molecule

Fatty acids can be classified according to the following aspects, EXCEPT:

a) unsaturated cis

b) eicosanoids

c) branched

d) unsaturated conjugated

e) saturated

Eicosanoids

The following are monosaccharides absorbed at the brush border of the small intestine, EXCEPT:

a) fructose

b) glucose

c) galactose

d) lactose

Lactose

Phosphorous excretion in RUMINANTS is primarily:

a) fecal

b) sweat

c) exhalation

d) eructation

e) urinary

Fecal

In the fatty acid designation by C18:3 w6, the carbon number (position) on the last double bone to it is:

12

Which of the following examples is NOT a polysaccharide?

a) levans

b) glycogen

c) mucilages

d) chitin

e) lignin

Lignin

The following anti-nutritive factors decrease calcium absorption, EXCEPT:

a) oxalic acid

b) saponins

c) fatty acids

d) phytate

e) lactose

Lactose

The following statements are true for lipid digestion and absorption, EXCEPT:

a) absorbed monoglycerides and fatty acids are initially transported by the lymphatic system and chylomicrons

b) bile salts help emulsify fats into smaller droplets

c) pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into free fatty acids and 2 monoglycerides

d) lipids are usually ingested as triglycerides

e) micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

Micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

What type of bond forms the cellulose chain structure?

a) alpha 1, 6 galactosyl bond

b) alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bond

c) beta 1, 6 glycosidic bone

d) alpha 1, 4 gluco-fructosyl bond

e) beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

Beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

The following are functions of lipids in the body, EXCEPT:

a) storage of water soluble vitamins

b) source of essential fatty acids

c) steroid hormones

d) structural part of cell membranes

e) energy storage

Storage for water soluble vitamins

The following characteristics are true for carbohydrases, EXCEPT:

a) lactase activity results in glucose and galactose monomers

b) cellulase activity depends on the adhesion of microbes onto the bundles of cellulose for its activity

c) alpha amylase is carbohydrase

d) maltase glucoamylases are secreted in the lumen of the GI tract

e) sucrase isomaltase is associated with the brush border of the duodenal microvilli

Maltase glucoamylases are secreted in the lumen of the GI tract

The following are chemical molecules that are considered carbohydrates:

a) aldehydes

b) amines

c) ketones

d) carboxylic acids

e) ethers

Aldehydes and ketones

Osmotic diarrhea increases rate of passage of digesta, decreases nutrient absorption and causes dehydration. List two NUTRITIONAL conditions that result in osmotic diarrhea.

Feeding sucrose to neonates, feeding milk to adults or lactose intolerant individuals

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Residue includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Represents the indigestible fiber fraction in forages

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

CHO used in energy transformation molecules and tissue synthesis; highly digestible

Soluble CHO

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Structural function in plants, not digestible by animal

Insoluble CHO

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Fiber analyses procedure in the proximate analysis

Crude fiber

Match the carbohydrate (CHO) composition and analyses.

Determined by difference in the proximate analyses and represents readily digestible CHO

N free extract

What is the primary fate of carbohydrates in the rumen?

a) photosynthesis

b) fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

c) unaltered in the rumen

d) fermented to vitamin D

e) oxidized to lipids

Fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Carbohydrates in the diets of animals are a major source of:

a) energy

b) minerals

c) proteins

d) water

Energy

The following sentences correctly describe characteristics of different types of lipids, EXCEPT:

a) the phosphate group is attached to the position 3 of the glycerol backbone in phospholipids

b) lipotoxins may have anti inflammatory effects in animals

c) cholesterol is secreted from the liver with bile acids

d) steroid saponins may enhance animal performance

e) essential oils are required nutrients in the diets of animals

Essential oils are required nutrients in the diets of animals

The following are correct statements about the transportation of fatty acids in the body, EXCEPT:

a) short chain fatty acids are transported as VDLDs in the lymphatic system

b) cholesterol is synthesized in the liver and exported as LDLs and HDLs

c) long chain fatty acids are reassembled to triacylglycerides in the ER of enterocytes

d) glycerol is transported to the liver in the bloodstream

e) clusters of triglycerides are formed as chylomicrons in the enterocytes to be transported via lymph

Short chain fatty acids are transported as VLDLs in the lymphatic system

What factors influence lactase activity in mammals?

a) genetics

b) age

c) dairy consumption habit

d) amount of milk ingested

e) all of the above

All of the above

Carbohydrates represent approximately what proportion of animal diet dry matter?

a) 80%

b) 1%

c) 100%

d) 20%

e) 50%

80%

List the 5 functions of fats in the body.

Energy storage, thermogenesis, support of internal organs, insulation, source of metabolic water

Differences in lipid digestion between non-ruminants and ruminants include the following, EXCEPT:

a) absorbed lipids resemble dietary sources in non-ruminants

b) fatty acids absorbed by monogastrics are biohydrogenated

c) low lipase activity in ruminants

d) rumen microbes break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

e) lower intestinal pH in ruminants

Fatty acids absorbed by monogastrics are biohydrogenated

Which of the following are major ketogenic compounds in ruminants?

a) acetate

b) propionate

c) methane

d) valerate

e) butyrate

Acetate and butyrate

What polysaccharide is hydrolyzed by pancreatic alpha amylase?

a) pectin

b) starch

c) lignin

d) chitin

e) cellulose

Starch

List three essential fatty acids.

Linolenic, linolenic, arachidonic

The relative proportion of propionate in relation to acetate in the rumen increases with:

a) dietary forage content

b) dietary concentrate content

c) dietary cellulose content

d) dietary mineral content

e) dietary fiber content

Dietary concentrate content

The term paNDH represents:

a) the level of volatile fatty acids synthesized in the rumen

b) the animal body weight

c) a combination of factors that influence rumination times

d) the proportion of concentrate in the pan of the Penn State Particle Separator

e) physical effective fiber

A combination of factors that influence rumination times

What other major nutrient contains a carboxyl group in its molecule?

a) proteins

b) minerals

c) all options are correct

d) water

e) nucleic acids

Proteins

Chemically, a major difference between carbohydrates and lipids is that lipids contain:

a) less oxygen

b) less hydrogen

c) less carbon

d) less nitrogen

e) more nitrogen

Less oxygen

Are all mineral elements present in the animal body considered essential?

a) yes

b) no

No

Macrominerals are required in larger quantities in the diet of domestic animals, usually in g/kg or % dietary dry matter. The following are macrominerals, EXCEPT:

a) calcium

b) sulfur

c) potassium

d) iron

e) chlorine

Iron

The following are functions of calcium in the body, EXCEPT:

a) bone and teeth mineralization

b) nerve excitation

c) muscle contraction

d) blood clotting

e) skin pigmentation

Skin pigmentation

Most calcium in the body is found in:

a) bones

b) liver

c) blood

d) muscles

e) brain

Bones

Calcium requirements (g/kg diet dry matter) are relatively higher in:

a) broiler

b) steers

c) finishing pigs

d) laying hens

Laying hens

List three functions of Phosphorous in the body.

Structural support of the skeleton, components of phospholipids (cell membranes), present in RNA and DNA

What enzyme is added to the diet of non-ruminants to increase availability of feed phosphorous?

a) lipase

b) xylanase

c) amylase

d) phytase

e) pepsin

Phytase

Phosphorous excretion in non-ruminants is primarily:

a) fecal

b) urinary

c) sweat

d) eructation

Urinary (kidneys)

The following minerals are associated with bone formation and mineralization, EXCEPT:

a) calcium

b) phosphorous

c) magnesium

d) potassium

e) manganese

Potassium

Electrolytes, sodium, chlorine, and potassium are responsible for the following, EXCEPT:

a) stomach acidification

b) enzyme activation

c) osmotic balance

d) bone mineralization

e) acid-base balanced

Bone mineralization

The following minerals are included in the Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) equation used to help prevent milk fever, EXCEPT:

a) sodium

b) potassium

c) fluor

d) sulfur

e) chlorine

Fluor

Discuss the role of sulfur in ruminant diets supplemented with NPN.

Sulfur is needed in the ruminant diet for the synthesis of methionine and cysteine through microbial synthesis of sulfur amino acids

List 3 nutrients that can have their absorption limited by phytic acid (phytate).

Calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Too much can cause ataxia in sheep

Copper

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Piglets must receive right after farrowing

Iron

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Vitamin B12

Cobalt

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Feed low levels, highly toxic

Selenium

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Can improve immune system in baby pigs

Zinc

Match the mineral to the condition more likely to be associated with it:

Goiter

Iodine

Carbohydrates in the diets of animals are a major source of:

a) minerals

b) energy

c) protein

d) vitamins

e) water

Energy

What type of bond forms the cellulose chain structure?

a) beta 1, 6 glycosidic bond

b) beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

c) glucose and galactose bond

d) glucose and fructose bond

e) alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bond

Beta 1, 4 glycosidic bond

All following statements are true for starch chain structure, EXCEPT:

a) serves are plants energy reserve

b) it has a structural function

c) contains alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bones

d) contains alpha 1, 6 glycosidic bonds

e) digested mainly by pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal enzymes

It has a structural function

All statements below are characteristics of pectin, EXCEPT:

a) soluble fiber

b) forms a gel in water

c) slows passage of digesta

d) digestible in non-ruminants

e) binds water and relieves constipation

Digestible in non-nutrients

The following monosaccharides can be absorbed through the jejunum and upper ileum intestinal mucosa, EXCEPT:

a) glucose

b) fructose

c) galactose

d) mannose

e) maltotriose

Maltotriose

What is the primary fate of carbohydrates in the rumen?

a) unaltered in the rumen

b) fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

c) fermented to vitamin D

d) oxidized to lipids

e) photosynthesis

Fermented to volatile fatty acids (VFAs)

Lignin is:

a) a carbohydrate

b) highly digestible

c) a source of energy to ruminants

d) a polyphenol that limits fiber degradation by microbes

e) a component of bone matrix

A polyphenol that limits fiber degradation by microbes

The following are primary fats of ABSORBED glucose, EXCEPT:

a) used directly as energy source

b) precursor to volatile fatty acids

c) precursors for triglycerides

d) precursors of glycogen

e) precursors of non-essential amino acids

Precursor to volatile fatty acids

The following are fiber components, EXCEPT:

a) hemicellulose

b) cellulose

c) pectin

d) amylopectin

e) lignin

Amylopectin

The following monosaccharides are absorbed at the brush border of the small intestine, EXCEPT:

a) glucose

b) lactose

c) galactose

d) fructose

Lactose

What polysaccharide is hydrolyzed by pancreatic alpha-amylase?

a) cellulose

b) pectin

c) starch

d) chitin

e) lignin

Starch

Anaerobic fermentation of glucose by rumen microbes results mainly in the following end-products, EXCEPT:

a) acetate

b) methane

c) urea

d) propionate

e) butyrate

Urea

At room temperature, fat sources can vary in physical form from volatile to liquid to solid. Mark all characteristics that contribute to LOWERING the melting point of fatty acids:

a) saturation (single bonds)

b) double bonds (unsaturated)

c) short carbon chain

d) exposure of amino acids

e) none of the above

Double bonds (unsaturated) and short carbon chain

Plasmatic cholesterol is found in larger proportion in:

a) low density lipoprotein (LDL)

b) very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

c) chylomicrons

d) high density lipoproteins

e) micelles

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

The following are potential benefits of DNA and EPA (omega-3 fatty acids), EXCEPT:

a) may lower blood triacyl glycerol levels

b) may lower the risk of death by heart disease

c) may be converted from linolenic acid at a 75% rate

d) may improve health in pregnant women and fetal development

e) may reduce inflammation

May be converted from linoleic acid at a 75% rate

The following statements are true for lipids digestion and absorption, EXCEPT:

a) bile salts help emulsify fats into smaller droplets

b) micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

c) lipids are usually ingested as triglycerides

d) pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into free fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides

e) absorbed monoglycerides and fatty acids are initially transported by the lymphatic system

Micelles are absorbed into enterocytes

Where are chylomicrons formed?

a) intestinal enterocytes

b) liver gall bladder

c) pancreatic islets of langerhans

d) stomach parietal cells

e) none of the above

Intestinal enterocytes

Differences in lipid digestion between non-ruminants and ruminants include:

a) lower intestinal pH in ruminants

b) low lipase activity in ruminants

c) absorbed lipids resemble dietary sources in non-ruminants

d) rumen microbial biohydrogenation

e) all of the above

All of the above

Conjugated Linoleic Acids (CLAs) are thought to be be/cause:

a) anti-inflammatory

b) anti-carcinogenic

c) anti-atherosclerotic

d) decrease milk fat/increase yield

e) all of the above

All of the above

List four practical reasons to add fat to animal feeds.

Increase energy content, reduce dustiness, increase palatability, easier pelleting (less wear on machines)

In regards to fat analyses:

a) saponification number indicates the amount of length in fatty acids

b) ether extract indicates the content of fatty acids in a sample

c) iodine number indicates the amount of unsaturation

d) melting point gives an indication of chain length or double bones

e) all of the above

All of the above

The following are characteristics of rancidity, EXCEPT:

a) hydrolytic rancidity results from the splitting of fatty acids from glycerol

b) hydrolytic rancidity results in bad odor/flavor

c) hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

d) oxidative rancidity is auto-catalytic and causes bad odor/flavor

e) oxidative rancidity occurs in fats rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids

Hydrolytic rancidity alters nutritional value

What form of lipid transported in the bloodstream accounts for the bad cholesterol?

a) LDL, which is composed mostly of cholesterol

b) Chylomicrons, which are composed mostly of triglycerides

c) HDL, which is composed mostly of apoproteins

d) HDL, which is composed mostly of cholesterol

e) LDL, which is composed mostly of apoproteins

LDL, which is composed mostly of cholesterol

______ is usually considered to have one of the sweeter tastes among carbohydrates.

Fructose

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Hemicellulose

Polysaccharide

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Sucrose

Disaccharide

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Glucose

Aldehyde

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

N-acetyl-glucosamine

Chitin

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Fructose

Ketone

Match the carbohydrates with the appropriate classifications.

Ribose

Pentose

The following carbohydrates contain fructose in their structure, EXCEPT:

a) cellulose

b) fructans

c) sucrose

d) verbascose

e) stachyose

Cellulose