Chapter 1

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up volume.

Solid State

State of matter with definite volume and shape; particles are close together in a regular pattern.

Liquid State

State of matter with definite volume but takes the shape of its container; particles are close together but can move past one another.

Gas State

State of matter with no definite volume or shape; it assumes the shape and volume of its container with particles far apart and moving randomly.

Physical Properties

Observations that can be made without changing the composition of the material.

Chemical Properties

Properties that determine how a substance can be converted into another substance.

Pure Substance

A material composed of only a single component with a constant composition.

Mixtures

Composed of more than one component with varying composition that can be separated by physical changes.

Element

A pure substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical change.

Compound

A pure substance formed by chemically joining two or more elements.

Measurement

Every measurement is composed of a number and a unit.

Significant Figures

All the digits in a measured number including one estimated digit.

Scientific Notation

A method of expressing numbers as a coefficient between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. In scientific notation 5,600, it can be expressed as 5.6 x 10^3. Here, 5.6 is the coefficient and 10^3 indicates that the decimal point has been moved three places to the right.

Conversion Factor

A term that converts a quantity in one unit to a quantity in another unit.

Temperature

A measure of how hot or cold an object is, expressed in degrees Fahrenheit (°F), degrees Celsius (°C), or Kelvin (K).