Learning-Communication-and-Change-Processes

A relatively permanent changes in behavior, skills, knowledge, or attitudesresulting from identifiable psychological or social experiences.

Learning

• key feature is permanence

Elements of Learning Process

Refers to the context in which learning takes place, including environment, instructional materials, and external factors. In health promotion,

Situation

Elements of Learning Process

The attributes the learner brings to the situation, such as prior knowledge, experiences, attitudes, and motivations.

Personal Characteristics

• patient's health condition, physical ability, or emotional readiness

Elements of Learning Process

The objective the learner is trying to achieve

Goal

• a goal might be to adopt healthier habits or manage a chronic

  condition through physical therapy (in hep)

Elements of Learning Process

The learner’s understanding or perception of the situation and the instruction provided

Interpretation

Elements of Learning Process

The behavior or response taken by the learner based on their interpretation of the situation.

Action

Elements of Learning Process

The outcome of the learner’s action, which either supports (confirmation) or challenges (contradiction) their expectations.

Consequence: Confirmation or Contradiction

• essential for adjusting future actions

Elements of Learning Process

When the learner encounters obstacles that hinder progress, They might feel frustrated, or they could develop resilience and seek new strategies for success.

Reaction to Thwarting

• key for long term improvement

Theories of Learning

This focuses on how the brain processes, stores, and retrieves information.

Cognitive Learning Theory

• problem solving, decision making and memory

Theories of Learning

Emphasizes learning through interaction with the environment. Learning seen as result of reinforcement

Behaviourism Learning Theory ( B.F. Skinner & John Watson)

Theories of Learning

Learners construct their own understanding of the world based on experiences

Constructivism Learning Theory (Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky)

Theories of Learning

Centers on personal growth, self-actualization, and the learner’s autonomy. it focuses on creating environments that foster self-directed learning

Humanism Learning Theory (Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow )

Theories of Learning

Learning happens across connections in a digital or social network, where information can come from many sources, not just direct instruction.

Connectivism Learning Theory

Theories of Learning

It encourages critical reflection and questioning of assumptions, leading to personal growth and a change in how individuals see themselves and the world.

Transformative Learning Theory (Jack Mezirow)

Theories of Learning

Emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling within a social context.

Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura)

Theories of Learning

Focuses on learning through experience, emphasizing the importance of reflection on doing.

Experiential Learning Theory (KOLB)

Transfer of information from one person to another

Communication

Communication in Health

The most important resource for promoting health is relevant health information that can guide people’s health decisions and can motivate them to adopt healthy behaviors.

Elements of Communication Process

The individual who initiates the communication by encoding and transmitting a message to the receiver.

Sender

Elements of Communication Process

The information or content being communicated from the sender to the receiver.

Message

Elements of Communication Process

The individual who receives and interprets the message from the sender.

Receiver

• depends on the receiver’s ability to understand and process the information.

Elements of Communication Process

The medium through which the message is transmitted from sender to receiver.

Channel

• verbal, non verbal, written or digital

Elements of Communication Process

The response or reaction from the receiver back to the sender, indicating whether

the message was understood and how it was received.

Feedback

Elements of Communication Process

Refers to any external or internal factors that disrupt or distort the communication process

Noise

Steps in the Communication Process

Communication Theories

This theory suggests that mass media messages are first received by key

individuals, known as opinion leaders, who then interpret the information and pass it

on to others.

Two-Step Flow of Communication

Communication Theories

This theory explains how new ideas, practices, or technologies spread through a population over time.

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

• Innovators – first to try, risk-takers, open to new ideas.

• Early Adopters – opinion leaders, adopt early but carefully.

• Early Majority – adopt after seeing evidence of success.

• Late Majority – adopt due to peer pressure or necessity, more skeptical.

• Laggards – last group, resistant to change, prefer tradition.

Communication Theories

A strategy that uses communication to promote positive changes in behaviours and social norms.

Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC)

• mass media and community mobilization.

Barriers to Effective Communication in Health Promotion

• Use of medical jargon

• Language differences

• Cultural differences

• Disabilities and other challenges

• Low health literacy

• Complexity of health topics

• Lack of time

A systematic approach to managing the transition from a current state to a desired future state.

Change Process

Series of steps or stages individuals, groups, or organizations go through when adopting new behaviors, practices, or systems.

Change Process in Health Promotion

Changes

Refers to changes in thought patterns or knowledge, such as understanding

the benefits of a healthy lifestyle in managing chronic conditions.

Cognitive Change

Changes

This involves altering a person’s feelings, beliefs, or opinions towards a subject.

Attitudinal Change

• changing how someone feels about the importance of exercise or smoking cessation.

Changes

This is the modification of an individual's actions or habits.

Behavioral Change

• encouraging patients to engage in regular physical activity

Changes

Involves shifts in societal norms, values, or policies that affect collective behaviour.

Social Change

Change at Different Levels

This involves a person modifying their own attitudes, behaviours, or cognitive patterns.

Individual Level

Change at Different Levels

Involves a collective shift in attitudes or behaviors within a small community or

organization,

Group Level

Change at Different Levels

Refers to large-scale transformations in societal norms, laws, or practices, such as the acceptance of public health policies like vaccination programs.

Societal Level

Models of Attitudinal Change

This model focuses on the factors influencing attitude change: the source

of the message, the message content, and the audience.

Yale Attitude Change Approach

• how persuasive messages can influence attitudes and behavior

Models of Attitudinal Change

This theory suggests that when individuals experience inconsistency between their beliefs and behaviors, they feel discomfort (dissonance) and are motivated to reduce it

Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Models of Behavioral Change

Health-related behavior is influenced by personal beliefs or perceptions about a

disease and the strategies available to decrease its occurrence.

Health Belief Model

• the desire to avoid illness, or conversely get well if already ill.

• the belief that a specific health action will prevent, or cure, illness.

Models of Behavioral Change

Describes behavior change as a process that occurs through a series of stages, from initial awareness to sustained behavior change.

Transtheoretical Model

General Social Change Strategies

These strategies are based on the idea that people will change their behavior

when they are provided with empirical evidence that demonstrates the benefits

of the change.

Empirical-Rational Strategies

• provide info is da goal

General Social Change Strategies

These strategies focus on changing attitudes, norms, and values through education and social influence.

Normative/Re-educative Strategies

General Social Change Strategies

These strategies rely on authority, power, and sometimes coercion to enforce

change.

Power/Coercive Strategies

• rewards or punishments