Bio & Society - Fitness Trackers Mod #2

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

four types of tissues

epithelial tissue

covers internal and external body surfaces

lines body cavities

forms glands

connective tissue

binds, connects, and supports body parts

muscular tissue

allows movement of the body

composed of the heart & other organs

nervous tissue

receives internal and external stimuli

transmits information as nerve impulses

lymphatic and immune system

protects against disease

regulates body fluids

lymph nodes, spleen

urinary system

excretes water soluble nitrogenous & metabolic wastes

balances pH & fluid levels

waste materials generated during:

-breakdown of proteins

-processing of nutrients

-detoxification of chemical signals

urinary system & homeostasis

blood homeostasis --> regulates water-salt and acid-base balances

accomplished by filtering blood via kidneys & production of urine

nephrons

functional units of the kidneys

3 stages of urine production

1. Filtration

2. Reabsorption

3. Secretion

filtration

small substance (water, sugars, salts, wastes) are formed under pressure by the blood moving into the glomerular capsule

reabsorption

majority of the urinary system homeostasis work

water, sugars, and other compounds are reabsorped back into the blood (actively & passively) while waste materials are concentrated within tubules of nephron

secretion

additional waste materials are added to the tubules (ex: drugs or other compounds) --> creates urine --> urine transported by ureters --> bladder --> urethra carries urine out of the body

digestive system

digests and processes food for nutrients

regulates blood glucose levels & water levels for homeostasis

2 hormones involved: insulin & glucagon (produced by pancreas)

integumentary system

protects the exterior of the body

skin

reproductive system

produces gametes

in females - nurtures & gives birth to offspring

negative feedback system

components: stimulus -> sensor -> control center -> effect

involves a coordinated system response from the body to return internal conditions to healthiest set point

during __ mechanisms, an increase in condition causes a decrease in a physiological process in response

stimulus

condition being measured

ex: body temperature & blood glucose

sensor

organ/tissue responsible for monitoring level of stimulus

control center

organ/tissue that has the ability to make changes to the way the body operates

effect

target of the actions of the control center

organ systems & homeostasis

all systems involved

organ systems interact with blood & interstitial fluids to move nutrients and materials to cells and remove waste

cardiovascular system

transports nutrients, gases and wastes

works closes with respiratory, digestive & urinary systems and tissue cells of the body

heart

systemic circuit.

arteries: high oxygen blood

veins: high carbon dioxide blood

serves major organ system on the left side. List what the arteries and veins carry.

pulmonary circuit

transports blood to and from lungs on the right side

blood flows through right atrium & right ventricles BEFORE it reaches the lungs

arteries: blood with high carbon dioxide to lungs

veins: return blood with high oxygen to heart

arteries

muscular vessels that carry blood away from the heart under pressure

capillaries

connects arteries to veins

narrow thin-walled vessels found in tissues of the body (skin, liver, digestive system)

veins

vessels that contain valves to carry low pressure blood to the heart

human heart

2 pumps/4 chambers

each side: 2 chambers with atria at top & ventricles at bottom

left: systemic circuit

right: pulmonary circuit

atria

receives blood at the TOP -- contract first

LEFT atria separated from LEFT ventricle by BICUSPID valve

RIGHT atria separated from RIGHT ventricle by TRICUSPID valve

ventricle

pumps blood into respective circuits at the BOTTOM -- contract second

cardiac cycle

the movement of blood through the chambers of the heart

the atria contract first, then the ventricles contract

path of blood through the heart

(top of heart) blood enters from vena cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle --->

Flows through pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium --->

Flows through bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> distributed throughout the body (bottom of heart) --->

nervous system

control center

receives environmental stimuli and processes responses

respiratory system

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

works closely with cardiovascular system

nasal cavity

filters, warms & moistens incoming air

pharynx

(throat) connects nasal cavity to larynx

larynx

(voice box) contains vocal chords

trachea

(windpipe) connects larynx to bronchi

bronchi & bronchioles

bronchi connect trachea to left and right lungs

bronchi further divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles

lung

organ of gas exchange

contains bronchi, bronchioles & aveoli

alveoli

small, moist sacs that interact with the blood in the pulmonary capillaries to exchange gas

diaphram

muscular structure that divides the upper & lower body cavities

partially responsible for air pressure changes to allow breathing

inspiration vs expiration

inspiration = inhalation --> diaphragm contracts

expiration = exhalation --> diaphragm relaxes

central nervous system

(CNS) brain and spinal cord

majority of information processing

made of neurons

peripheral nervous system

(PNS) sets of paired nerves that branch off of the brain/spinal cord (CNS)

delivers information to CNS --> delivers responses to tissues & organs

cell body

houses nucleus and most other organelles

dendrites

branching extensions that receive nerve impulses from other cells and send to cell body

axons

extends from the cell body and carries nerve impulse to the axon terminal and the next neuron

axon terminal

the end of a neuron that makes connections with the next neuron

neroglia

help repair & provide nourishment for neurons, especially in CNS

types of neurons

sensory, interneurons, motor

neurons

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

consists of 3 parts: cell body, dendrites & axons

sensory neurons

(PNS) relay information from sensors to interneurons

interneurons

(CNS) where processing (integration) of signals takes place

motor neurons

sends integrated response from CNS to target tissue/organs

sensory receptors

chemoreceptor

photoreceptor

mechanoreceptor

nociceptor

chemoreceptors

detects chemical changes

taste, smell

photoreceptors

detects light

sight

mechanoreceptors

detects changes in position or orientation

hearing, touch, equilibrium

nociceptors

detect pain

tissue damage

action potentials

short periods of electrical activity at the membrane of a neuron, responsible for the transmission of signals within the neuron

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

neurotransmitters

chemical substance that transmit nerve impulses across synaptic cleft between neurons

chemical synapses

junctions at which messenger molecules are released when stimulated by an action potential

from neuron --> neuron

from neuron --> muscles, tissues, or glands

muscular system

works with skeletal system to allow body movement, maintain temperature, regulate blood flow, and makes up organs

types of muscular tissue

cardiac tissue

smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

cardiac tissue

involuntary muscle tissue found that allows heart to contract

smooth muscle tissue

involuntary tissue that lines internal organs

ex: small intestine

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary tissue associated with movement

myofibrils

Microscopic protein filaments that make up muscle cells that have contractile units called sarcomeres

sarcomeres

contractile units within myofibrils, the smallest contractile unit of a muscle

made of thick (myosin) filaments & thin (actin) filaments

length determines if muscle is contracted (short) or relaxed (long)

myofilaments

composed of actin or myosin

each sarcomere within a myofibril contains numerous strands

myosin

thick protein muscle filament

actin

thin protein muscle filament

endocrine system

produces hormones & provides for long term regulation of internal body conditions & coordinates the actions of all other body systems

adrenal glands, sex organs, pancreas

hormones

chemical signals that are secreted by one gland to influence the operation of another tissue/gland

steroid hormones

lipid based molecules

pass easily through plasma membrane

target gene expression within cell nucleus

target wide range of cell types

ex: estrogen/testosterone

peptide hormones

protein molecules

require binding with receptors to pass through plasma membrane

prompts second messenger to interact with metabolic or enzyme pathway

target specific types of cells

ex: insulin

hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary glands

acts as connection between nervous & endocrine systems

pituitary glands

endocrine system's most influential gland

Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands (sex, thyroid & adrenal)

thyroid

controls metabolic rate

regulates calcium levels via parathyroid

adrenal glands

regulate emergency & stress responses

absorption of minerals & reproductive functions

pancreas

regulates blood glucose levels

thymus

production of T cells for immune system

pineal glands

controls circadian rhythms

skeletal system

works with muscular system to provide support and protection and allow movement of the body

storage location for calcium (blood calcium homeostasis)

axial skeleton: center part of the body

appendicular skeleton: arms & legs

human skeletal types

joints

allow for freedom of movement

connecting point for muscles, tendons & ligaments

types of joints

synovial, ball & socket, hinge

synovial joints

Freely movable joints with _ fluid

often contains cartilage shock absorbers & fluid filled cavities called bursae

ex: knee

ball & socket joints

allows for movement in all direction

ex: shoulders & hips

hinge joints

allows for movement in one direction

ex: elbow