Hardware
The physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices.
Software
The programs and operating information used by a computer. Software can be divided into system software and application software.
System Software
Software designed to manage and control the hardware components and provide a platform for running application software.
Application Software
Software designed to help users perform specific tasks.
Operating System (OS)
Manages hardware resources, provides a user interface, and serves as a platform for running application software.
Utility Programs
Perform maintenance tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the computer system.
NOT Gate
Inverts the input.
AND Gate
Outputs true if both inputs are true.
OR Gate
Outputs true if at least one input is true.
XOR Gate
Outputs true if exactly one input is true.
Simple Logic Circuits
Combine multiple gates to perform complex operations. Construct truth tables for these circuits to understand their behavior.
Boolean Expressions
Expressions using NOT, AND, OR, and XOR to represent logic circuits.
High-Level Languages
Easier for humans to read and write. Abstracted from hardware details.
Low-Level Languages
Closer to machine code, more control over hardware.
Assembly Language
Human-readable form of machine code, uses mnemonics.
Machine Code
Binary code specific to a processor.
Compilers
Translate high-level code into machine code before execution.
Interpreters
Translate and execute high-level code line by line.
Assemblers
Translate assembly language into machine code.