AP Bio Vocab - DNA Replication & Protein Synthesis

anticodon

located on tRNA - corresponding to a complementary codon on mRNA

point mutation

alteration of a single nucleotide base

transcription factors

proteins that control rate of gene transcription

wobble

describes the loose bind that you may see between a tRNA and an mRNA. Shown of the codon chart as multiple codons coding for the same amino acid

base-pair substitution

genetic mutation where one single nucleotide base is replaced by another

missense mutation

point mutation where a different amino acid is coded for

transcription

DNA code is turned into mRNA code

nonsense mutation

mutation signaling the cell to stop building a protein

mRNA

carries genetic instructions in DNA from nucleus to cytoplasm

TATA box

located in the promoter region - “calls” RNA polymerase to the site

rRNA

ribosomal - made up of RNA and protein

insertion

mutation where one or more nucleotide base pairs are added to a DNA sequence

tRNA

bring amino acids to the ribosomes during translation to be assembled into polypeptide chains

deletion

mutation where a segment of DNA is removed

translation

convert mRNA code into a primary sequence of protein structure

snRNPs

recognize the splicing signals at the ends of introns

frameshift mutation

mutation caused by insertion/deletion of nucleotide bases not in multiples of 3

RNA processing

post transcription modification of newly made pre mRNA to functional mRNA

snRNA

a ribozyme - RNA that has catalytic properties to cut and splice

RNA splicing

removal of introns so you're left with exons

triplet code

using 3 nucleotides to code for 1 amino acid

intron

non coding section of pre mRNA that is removed by RNA processing

exon

give code that turns into a protein

codon

each 3 nucleotides of mRNA

spliceosome

collective mass of snRNA and snRNP that function in creating functional mRNA

RNA polymerase

creates mRNA (no lagging strand)

phages

type of virus that infects and replicates within bacteria

DNA polymerase

enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the growing strand 5’ to 3’

mismatch repair

any kind of small scale mistake

primase

joins RNA nucleotides together to make the primer

nuclease

identifies and cuts out the problem

double helix

physical shape of DNA

leading strand

goes straight into the fork

helicase

untwists and unwinds DNA

excision repair

specific kind of mismatch repairs (base excision/nucleotide excision)

semi conservative model

describes how DNA double helix separates into two single strands, each acting as a template for a new complementary strand

lagging strand

works away from the fork

single stranded binding protein (SSBP)

molecules that keep DNA strands apart from eachother

telomerase

makes telomeres

primer

shrot nucleic acid sequence that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis and replication

DNA ligase

joins fragments of DNA to one another

replication fork

the opening in the DNA where replication will occur