NUR322 - Week 1: intro to Public Health Nursing & Community Health With 100% correct answers already graded A+

How is the US system been referred to

As an illness care system rather than a healthcare system

Why study public health nursing

To focus more on prevention rather than treating pts that are already sick

Community-oriented nursing

-commonly referred as public health nursing

-may be BSN or MSN

-usually found in government or official agencies

Emphasis of community-oriented nursing

The health of the community for the purposes of preventing disease and disability by promoting, protecting, and maintaining health

Types of community health nurses

-infectious/chronic diseases

-preventative services

-maternal-child health

-behavioral health

-environmental health

-emergency preparedness

Community

A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests and characteristics are the basis of sense of unity or belonging i.e. citizens of a town, volunteer work, religious community

Population

All the people occupying an area or to all of those who share one or more characteristics. Mode of people who do not necessarily interact with one another or share a sense of belonging to that group i.e. population of the US, homeless population, Latino population

Aggregate

Mass or grouping of distinct individuals who are considered as a whole and who are loosely associated with one another i.e. people at a restaurant Sunday night, shoppers at the mall, drivers on the same road

Population health

Health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within a group

Goal of population health approach

To maintain and improve the health of the entire population and to reduce inequalities in health between population groups

Social determinants of health

The conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks

What is public health

The practice of promoting and protecting health of populations using knowledge from nursing, social and public health sciences

Goals of public health

-prevent epidemics and spread of disease

-protect against environmental hazards

-prevent injuries

-promote and encourage healthy behaviors

-respond to disasters

-ensure accessibility to health service for people

Public health nursing

Synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations

Focus of public health nursing

The community as a whole and the effect of the community's health status on the health of individuals, families, and groups

What did public health nurses do during the COVID-19 pandemic

Worked with communities to prevent the spread of the disease through prevention, education and screening

3 core functions of public health

Assessment, assurance and policy development.

Core Functions of Public Health: Assessment

-Systematic data collection on the population

-monitor the population's health status to identify existing or potential health problems

Core Functions of Public Health: Policy Development

-Inform, educate, and empower people regarding health issues

-Develop and support local, state, national, and international legislation that supports and promote health & well-being

-Use of scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions and mobilize partnerships

Core Functions of Public Health: Assurance

-make sure that essential community oriented health services are available

-enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety

-link health services with people

What do 10 essential services of public health nursing do

Provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities

10 essential public health services

1. Assess and monitor

2. Diagnose and investigate

3. Inform and educate

4. Mobilize community partnerships

5. Provide leadership

6. Promote and enforce public health laws

7. Link individuals to services

8. Assure the capacity of the public health workforce

9. Evaluate the effectiveness, accessibility & quality of personal health and population based services

10. Support research

What do the 8 tenets of public health form

A solid foundation of public health nursing practice to this day

8 tenets of public health nursing: 1

Population based assessment, policy, development, and assurance

8 tenets of public health nursing: 2

Partnerships with representatives of the people

8 tenets of public health nursing: 3

Primary prevention as a priority

8 tenets of public health nursing: 4

Concern for healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions

8 tenets of public health nursing: 5

An obligation to serve the whole population

8 tenets of public health nursing: 6

Concern for the greater good over individual needs

8 tenets of public health nursing: 7

Allocation of resources to maximize health benefit

8 tenets of public health nursing: 8

Interprofessional collaboration

Early public health: hebrews

spiritual cleanliness and community responsibility

Early public health: greeks

systems of personal hygiene

Early public health: romans

public health became a government rather than individual matter

Early public health: ancient babylonians

understood need for hygiene and some medical skills

early public health: Egyptians

pharmaceutical preparation, public drainage systems

Early public health: Elizabethan law of 1601

guaranteed assistance for poor, blind, and "lame" individuals

Early public health: industrial revolution

previous care structures (family and friends) were not enough so nursing homes were created

Cause of most deaths during medieval period

infectious diseases

Renaissance and public health

developed the idea that healthy laborers and soldiers are more valuable, and could reap the economic benefits of production and world trade

Home visits: Saint Vincent de Paul

1612-1617 he felt convinced he should work with the poor and worked among the poor through Daughters of Charity

Home visits: Irish Sisters of Charity

1815 - Deaconesses incorporated core of the sick at home and developed district nursing

Public health in England: John Bellers

worked with the poor in london and argued that population health was too important to be left to the individual

Public health in England: Edwin Chadwick

Drafted the poor low commission improving sanitation and led to establishing poor houses, workhouse, hospitals and provision of services to the poor

John snow

-1st epidemiologist

-discovered the source of cholera

-introduced public policy in health care

Lemuel Shattuck

-Architect of american public health

-morbidity vs mortality linked to the environment

-revolutionized the US census

How was Nightingale a political reformer

Influenced the development of professional nursing and influenced public health nursing in the US

William Rathbone

founded 1st District Nursing Association in Liverpool, England

1st US nursing school

Opened in 1873 in NYC, Bellevue hospital and used Nightingale's principles

Mary Mahoney

1st African American graduate from the New England Hospital and founded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses

Jessie Sleet

1st American public health nurse

American Public Health Association (APHA) was established to

facilitate interdisciplinary efforts and promote the practical application of public hygiene

Clara Barton

Established the Red Cross

What did the Henry Street Settlement do and involved

-Brought healthcare to a large immigrant population in NYC

-involved Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster

The Visiting Nurses Association was founded by

Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster

Lina Rogers

Worked with children in NYC schools and made home visits to teach parents and to follow up with each child absent from school

Lina Rogers and school nursing

-She was the 1st school nurse

-reduced absences by 90%

-Made NYC hire 27 more school nurses

Lilian Wald

-Established the 2st public health nursing program and provided nursing care on a fee for service basis

Mary Adelainde Nutting

Developed the 1st post training school course that specializes in public health nursing

Mary Breckinridge

-Established the Frontier Nursing Service to improve healthcare of the rural and inaccessible populations

-introduced the 1st midwives to the US

10 great public health achievements

1. Vaccination.

2. Motor-vehicle safety.

3. Safer workplaces.

4. Control of infectious diseases.

5. Decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke.

6. Safer and healthier foods.

7. Healthier mothers and babies.

8. Family planning.

9. Fluoridation of drinking water.

10. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard.