TOPIC 1 - PRECAUTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION AND SAFETY OF PASSENGERS MV Sewol Ferry Disaster (2014)

60 Q/A flashcards covering Sewol crowd management, drills, SOLAS regulations, muster lists, psychological aspects, crowd control strategies, safety equipment, and Costa Concordia incident.

What is identified as one of the most critical and preventable causes of the Sewol disaster?

Poor crowd management.

How many passengers and crew were onboard the MV Sewol?

476.

What does SOLAS require regarding crew training in crowd management?

Mandatory crew training in crowd management and regular drills with clear instructions.

Define Crowd Management.

The ability to control and assist passengers in an emergency to muster and embarkation stations and maintain orderly movement.

Which BASIC INSTINCT component is highlighted in the notes?

Adrenaline rush.

What are the BASIC REACTION PATTERNS and their approximate ranges?

Active 10%–30%; Passive 50%–75%; Panic 1%–3%.

How is PANIC defined?

A reaction of flight, immobility and/or disorganization stemming from intense fear.

Why is crowd management important in emergencies?

To prevent panic, ensure orderly evacuation, and maintain access to safety equipment.

What are the OBJECTIVES OF CROWD MANAGEMENT?

1) Safety 2) Order 3) Communication 4) Assistance.

Name a PRACTICE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT.

Designated Crew Roles & Responsibilities.

Name another PRACTICE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT.

Clear Communication Systems.

Name another PRACTICE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT.

Passenger Guidance Techniques.

Name another PRACTICE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT.

Staged Movement Protocols.

Name another PRACTICE OF CROWD MANAGEMENT.

Drills & Training.

What does a Fire Drill involve?

Reporting to stations, starting fire pumps, checking firefighting gear, communication equipment, and escape routes.

What does an Abandon Ship Drill involve?

Sounding the general emergency alarm, mustering at stations, donning lifejackets, launching lifeboats, and operating lifeboats/davits.

What do SOLAS regulations require about firefighting and abandon ship drills?

Each crew member must participate in at least one fire drill and one abandon ship drill every month.

What additional drill requirement exists if more than 25% of the crew are new?

Drills must be conducted within 24 hours of departure.

What is recommended during drills according to the notes?

Treat all drills as real; familiarize passengers; provide calm reassurance; answer questions clearly.

What is the psychological aspect of crowd behavior in maritime emergencies?

Passengers may panic, freeze, or follow crowds; calm leadership and rehearsed drills help.

What is ‘Zoning’ in crowd control strategies?

Dividing the ship into manageable zones, each supervised by trained crew.

What is the role of floor markers and lights?

Provide visual guidance; direct passengers to exits and lifeboats; support emergency lighting.

How can bottlenecks be prevented in crowd management?

Staggered movement, choke point management, and alternative routes.

What is the ‘Buddy System’ in crowd management?

Families/groups stay together to reduce distress.

What are Life-Saving Appliances (LSA)?

Equipment designed to save lives: lifejackets, lifeboats/rafts, evacuation slides, signaling devices, etc.

What does Fire Fighting Equipment on ships include?

Portable extinguishers, hoses, pumps, fixed CO2/foam systems, detectors, alarms, and protective gear.

What is the purpose of a Muster List?

Shows emergency duties and station assignments for crew and passengers.

What is an example Muster Signal for Abandon Ship?

Seven short blasts followed by one long blast.

Which SOLAS chapter and regulation address Muster Lists and Emergency Instructions?

SOLAS Chapter III, Regulation 8 (and Regulation 37).

What is the signal for a General Emergency Alarm?

Seven short blasts followed by one long blast.

What is the signal for Abandon Ship?

Seven short blasts followed by a long blast, with verbal command.

Who is responsible for distress communications on the bridge?

The Master.

What was the unauthorized maneuver that led to the Costa Concordia grounding?

A close-pass maneuver known as a 'salute'.

What happened to Costa Concordia's engine room after the grounding?

A 50-meter gash flooded the engine room causing blackout and loss of propulsion.

What was a major factor in the Costa Concordia evacuation?

Delay in abandon ship order and inconsistent crowd management.

How many fatalities occurred on the Costa Concordia?

33 deaths.

What is the purpose of a Shipboard Contingency Plan (SCP)?

To guide crew on how to respond to emergencies, protect life, the ship, the environment, and cargo, and minimize confusion.

Name two contingency plans listed in SMS after the SCP note.

Rescue of Persons – Deck Spaces; Rescue of Persons – Machinery Spaces (also: Entering into Enclosed Spaces; Damage – Grounding and Stranding).

What does ISM Code Section 8 cover?

Emergency Preparedness; establishment of SCPs as part of the Safety Management System.

What does ISM Code 8.1 require?

Plans must cover all foreseeable emergencies (fire, collision, pollution, medical crises).

What does ISM Code 8.2 require?

Crew must be trained and drilled to execute these plans effectively.

What does ISM Code 8.3 require?

Procedures must be documented, maintained, and regularly tested through drills.

What languages should Muster Lists be provided in?

The languages required by the ship's flag state and English.

What is the main purpose of Muster List & Emergency Instructions?

To ensure a quick, organized, and safe response in any emergency.

What should crews do to avoid confusion during drills?

Treat all drills as real.

What should crews emphasize about passengers during drills?

Familiarize passengers with muster stations and maintain calm.

Who handles External Communication in the Emergency Team table?

R/O (On Duty Officer).

What is the role of the MOB (Man Overboard) alarm procedures?

Three long blasts; throw life rings; raise alarm; maintain visual contact; call captain.

What emergency maneuver is recommended if MOB is seen?

Turn the vessel hard toward the person and put engines in neutral; if not seen, slow ahead.

Who is the primary spotter during MOB rescue?

MATE.

What is the role of the Chief Steward during an evacuation?

Head count of all guests; confirm PFD wear; maintain calm.

What should the Stewards collect and distribute during emergencies?

Medical grab bag, O2 kit, and VHF radios from the bridge.

What phrase emphasizes calmness during emergencies?

“Calm is contagious.”

What is a ‘Chokepoint’ in crowd management?

A high-traffic area like stairwells where flow must be regulated.

What is the role of Digital Displays in crowd management?

Provide real-time updates if available.

What is the purpose of ‘Muster Signals’ in emergencies?

To alert everyone to gather at their assigned muster stations.

What is the role of a Deckhand during lifeboat operations?

Assist engineers to secure lifeboats and lower them as instructed.

What is the function of Lifejackets during an emergency?

Keep passengers afloat and visible in the water.

What does the 'Emergency Response' training aim to improve?

Immediate actions, coordination, and effective use of life-saving and firefighting equipment.

What is the meaning of ‘MOB’ in ship emergencies?

Man Overboard.

What must be done to ensure everyone is accounted for after an evacuation?

Headcount verification at muster stations.

What is the role of the Chief Engineer during a fire on deck?

Coordinate engine-related firefighting operations and power systems as ordered.

Which document lists emergency duties and stations for crew and passengers?

The Muster List.

What is SOLAS Chapter III primarily concerned with in this context?

Muster lists and emergency instructions.

What is the ISM Code's broader purpose?

To ensure ships operate safely through an integrated Safety Management System.

What role does the Master play during emergencies on the bridge?

Command the vessel, coordinate distress communications, and direct emergency operations.

What is the typical content of a Fire Drill on SOLAS ships?

Fire pump operation, firefighting gear checks, escape routes, and communication checks.

What is the main difference between Fire Drill and Abandon Ship Drill?

Fire Drill focuses on extinguishing fires and initial response; Abandon Ship Drill focuses on mustering and lifeboat deployment.

What is the importance of multilingual announcements in crowd management?

To prevent confusion among diverse passengers and ensure orderly movement.

How should crew treat drills in terms of realism?

As real events to ensure proper mindset and response.

What are some components of emergency lighting in crowd management?

Glow-in-the-dark markers, arrows, color-coded paths, and backup lighting.

Which positions are typically part of the emergency team on a ship?

Master, Mate, Engineer, 2/O, 3/E, Deckhand, Chief Steward, Steward, etc.

What is the purpose of ‘Muster Station’ coordination during an evacuation?

To ensure passengers move in an orderly manner to designated assembly points.

What is the role of the Engine Room in fire safety systems?

Stop ventilation and fuel feeds, and coordinate with the fire team on deck.

What is a key outcome of effective crowd management in maritime safety?

Prevention of panic and orderly, timely evacuation.

What should passengers do at muster stations during an emergency?

Wear life jackets and await further instructions from crew.

How does digital technology assist crowd management on ships?

Emergency alerts and real-time information support the crew’s guidance.

Who confirms if all guests are wearing PFDs during emergencies?

Chief Steward.

What is the recommended behavior of crew communications during drills?

Keep radio traffic minimal and clear to avoid crowding on channels.

What is the role of a Lifeboat Commander during an evacuation?

Lead the launch and control of the lifeboat during abandonment.

What is the historical incident discussed besides Sewol in the notes?

Costa Concordia grounding near Giglio Island.