ABSC 160 KU exam 4

Quality of relationships between teens and non-parental adults

• children are more likely a natural mentor

• non-parental adults provide a unique context for development (they represent audlt pov and less judgemental)

  • these are coaches, teachers, role models, companions

Mentor

trusting relationship between a young person and a non-parental adult who provides guidance intended to promote positive development

natural mentor

mentoring relationship between an adult and a child that develops spontaneously rather than through a formal program

research evaluated formal mentoring programs and found

many cases the programs have small effects

Benefits and effectiveness of mentoring programs

• unique context for developemtn

• POV with less judgement

• social support

• serve as a protective factor for those at risk

• last for a year or more

negative effects of television viewing and media

• time is taken from academic tasks

• there is multitasking while doing academic tasks

• children who spend most time with media are more distractible and impulsive

• watching violent stuff makes kids desensitzed

Positive effects of television viewing and media

from age 2 and on, educational tv has shown to have positive effect on children’s cognitive development

role of media in violence, aggression, self-image, self-complexity

• watching violence promotes aggression in young

• self esteem can be harmed by presentations of “thin” appearence

• limited self-complexity can harm self esteem

• lack of diversity and stereotyped roles for minorities

role of media in physial development

• more media use liked with obesity

• inactivity

• increased eating

• media messages promote unhealthy eating

• media promotes “ideal thin”, contributing to eating disorders

role of media in cognitive development / academic achievement

• background TV distrupts play

• educational TV improves cognitive functioning and academic performance for some children, while entertainment TV makes TV academic performance worse

role of media in social developement

• watching prosocial media increases prosocial behavior

• watching violence or taking part in media violence promotes aggression in youg

• communication: maintaining friendships, make new friends, contact people with common concerns, cyberbullying, online predators

legal implications of sexting

• underage sexting is illegal under federal law and is a felony offense

• since 2009, 19 states have adopted teen sexting laws

• in states without laws, it may be punished under exisiting child pornography laws

Unstructed time

activites not directed by an adult, free time

Benefits of unstructured time

• positive cognitive development

• promotes creativity

• imagination

• problem solving

• social skills

• autonomy

• separate identity from parents

Limitations of Unstructured time

• to much unsupervised time may lead to behavior problems

• criminal behavior, sexulatity, drug use

how to maximize unstructred time

age appropriate balance of freedom and structured time

Structured time

taught or directed by knowledgable adults (classes)

Benefits of structured time

• opportunites for achievement

• socialization with peers and adults

• excitement shared with a group

• decrease substance abuse

Limitations of unstructured time

• depending on activity, may be risks

• often do not achieve benefits of unstructured activities

how to maximize structured time

schedule carefully, between 3-6 PM

how often children participate in structured and unstructured activities

• kids get a lot of TV time

• Lots of kids in 4+ structured activites

• kids wish they had more unstructured time

perceptions of adolescents regarding schedules and stress

• kids want more unstructured time

• kids are more stressed

• kids want more time to hangout with their friends / family

overscheduling of youth

• 3-6% of youth are overscheduled

• ages 5-18 spend more than 20 hours a week in organized activites

Physical abuse

Non accidental physical injuries that is inflicted by a parent, caregiver, or guardian (punching, beating, biting, shaking, etc.)

Neglect Abuse

faulire of a parent or guardian to provide a child’s basic needs

• physical = food, shelter

• Medical = medical

• educational = not educated

• emotional = failure to provide psychological needs

Sexual Abuse

involvement of a child in sexual activity to provide sexual gratification or financial benefit to the perpetrator

Emotional Abuse

pattern of behavior that impairs a child’s emotional development or sense of self-worth (psychological abuse)

Identifying when abuse is taking place

• withdrawal from friends or usual actvities

• shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance

• rebellious or defiant behavior

• depression, anxiety, fear or sudden loss of self

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act

established in 1974 a mechanism for reporting and tracking cases of suspected abuse or neglect to child protection agencies

Mandatory Reporters

individuals who work with children who are required by law to report suspicions of child maltreatment to authorities

• social workers, teachers, physicans, law enforcement

Permissive Reporters

voluntary reporters

Imapct of child abuse and neglect on development

• associated with poorer adult physical and mental health

• increased risk of learning difficulties / poorer school attendence

• less likely to complete high school

• less likely to be employed

• earlier child abuse / more adverse consequences

• imapcts next generation

Deaths due to abuse/neglect

• 1,520 children died in US in 2013 from abuse/neglect

• 4 children die from abuse or neglect (on average)

Risk of abuse/neglect

• Age 7 and under at greatest risk (mostly 1-3 age)

• girls

Cycle of abuse across generations

30% of abused children end up abusing their own children

Normative Stress

Stress that is predictable and most go through

• requires a moderate and brief response

Non-normative Stress

stress that results from a relatively rare occurrence that overwhelms someone

racism

a persuasive system of advantage and disadvantage based on race

prejudice

negative attitudes towards individuals based on race, ethnicity, religion

discrimination

negative behavior directed at people based on race, ethnicity, religion

Early childhood effects of poverty

• impacts enviroment

• increased child behavioral problems

• reduces adult working hours

Middle and Late childhood poverty

• less detrimental to cognitive outcomes

• increased youth employment and caretaking roles

• increased risk of discontinuing education

• increased risk of lowered social participation

China’s famine in 1958

1st generation : pregnant during famine

2nd generation : born malnourished

3rd generation : more likely to drop out of school

poverty guidelines

Annual income paid from social services (welfare) to a family living in poverty

• years, people in household, salary

Interaction of race/ethnicity and poverty rates

African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians are the most at poverty and low income

• 14.2 african american

• 12.4 american indian / alaska natives 

• 10.3 multiracial 

• 8.7 pacific islanders 

• 8.4 hispanics 

• 8 non-hispanic whites 

• 1.7 asians

Impact child development malnutrition and turbulent homes

• substandard housing

• homelessness

• inadequate nutrition

• food insecurity

Poorer developmental outcomes

• poorer academic achievement

• school dropout

• behavioral and socio-emotional problems

poorer health outcomes

• lack of access to health care

• physical health problems

• unsafe neighborhoods

Distal influences to creating a nurturing enviroment

• income / resources

• social cohesion

• physical enviroment

Proximal influences to creatinga nurturing enviroment

• family influence

• school influence

• peer influence

primary outcomes of distal and proximal influences

• cognitive development

• social/emotional competence

• physical health

• absence of psychological and behavioral problems

Child poverty rates in the US

• More than 15 million children lived in poverty in 2014

• One in five children

• one of the highest poverty rates

Anorexia Nervosa

• fear of gaining weight

• refusal to maintain a healthy body weight

• unrealistic perception of current body weight

Bulimia Nervosa

• recurrent binge eating

• purging

Binge-eating

• recurrent binge eating

• no purging

• most common eating disorder

factors influences anorexia nervosa

• inability to seperate from family

• need to be liked

• perfectionism

• need control

• lack of self-esteem

• high family expectations

• parental dieting

Factors influencing bulimia nervosa

• difficulty regarding mood

• more impulsive

• sexual abuse

• family dysfunction

Sociocultural factors that influence

• emphasis on thinness as the ideal for beauty

• availability and indulgence of food

• role of media

• obesity and reaction to the larger body size

Medical complications of Anorexia

• can’t think right, fear of gaining weight

• hair thins and gets brittle

• low blood pressure, slow heart rate

• anemia

• weak muscles and swollen joints

• kidney stones

• constipation

• period stops

• bruise easily, dry skins

Medical complications of Bulimia

• depression, anxietym dizziness

• cheek swelling / soreness

• cavities, gum disease

• sore throat, blood in vomit

• anemia

• irregular heart beat, heart muscles weakened

• dehydration

• stomach ulcers

Evidence-based treatments for eating disorders

• cognitive behavioral therapy

• dialectical behavioral therapy

there is a ________ between heavy use of media and school performance

negative correlation

“chipmunk cheeks” consists of swollen ___________

salivary glands

the age of onset for eating disorders occurs by age of

20

classified as undereight if their BMI is less than

18.5