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This covers all big, important, and somewhat small vocabulary terms you should know for your AP Exam :) Make sure to click to "ONLY ANSWER with the definition" or it gets all funky! Happy studying :))
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the treatment of natives from 1491-1754 (Units 1 & 2)?
Disease to Indian Tribes from Columbian Exchange
Encomienda System
Tuscarora War (1711-13 against Indians in NC)
King Phillips War (1675)
Hernan De Soto (1539
Hernan Cortes
What were some vocabulary terms that describe how the colonies showed independence in the 1600s?
House of Burgesses (First legislative body in colonies)
Mayflower Compact (1620)
Fundamental Orders (1639 by Thomas Hooker in Hartford, CN. It established rules in CN)
New England Confederation (1643 Confederation of Puritan in Boston for Unity)
What were some Vocabulary Terms that describe the economy in the 1600s-1750s?
Indentured Servants Contract (1746 to get people to work on tobacco farms)
Headright System
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676 against William Berkeley)
Triangular Trade
Navigation Law of 1650
Salutary Neglect
Shay’s Rebellion (1786 By American farmers against tax collections)
Barbados Slave Codes (1661-67)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe slave rebellions and blacks in the 1700s?
Slaves outnumbered whites in many places
New York Slave Revolt (1712)
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Lord Dunmore (Allowed blacks to fight in Revolution for freedom)
Royal African Company
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the first Great Awakening?
Jonathon Edwards (scared people “Sinners of an Empty Hand”)
George Whitefield - Spoke out publicly against churches
New Lights
Old Lights
Arminianism - Free will is determined by fate and only god can save you
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the causes of fueling the American Revolution (before 1776)?
Sugar Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act
Franklin’s Join or Die Cartoon
Declaratory Act
Boston Massacre
Townshend Acts
Admiralty Courts (used to prosecute people who broke Navigation Laws)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the things colonists did that fueled the American Revolution (before 1776)?
Stamp Act Congress (1765 Delegates met in NY against Stamp Act)
The Association (1774 it was nonimportation, nonexportation)
Sons and Daughters of Liberty (“No taxation without Repres.”)
Boston Tea Party (1773 which led to Boston Port Act)
First Continental Congress (1774 discussed intolerable act and created Declaration of Rights)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Seven Years War?
Battle of Quebec (1759 by John Rolfe who snuck up on French)
General Edward Braddock (1755 lost battle in capturing French fort)
Albany Congress (1754 got colonial unity and ally with Iroquois)
British got a ton of debt
Created over conflicts of the Ohio River Valley
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the American Revolution?
“Common Sense” Pamphlet (1776 by Thomas Paine)
Battle Lexington and Concord (1775)
Women took control of Businesses
Baron Von Steuben
Olive Branch Petition (1775 that begged King to stop conflicts)
Bunker Hill (1775 led by William Howe)
British introduce “home rule” after Bunker Hill
Trenton Battle (Hessians got ambushed by Washington)
Armed Neutrality (1780 Catherine Great of Russia)
Battle of Long Island (1776 in NY; Washington lost and fled to Manhattan Island)
Battle of Yorktown (1781 British General Cornwallis retreated for supplies and got cornered; this made British surrender)
Ticonderoga War (1775 by Benedict Arnold/Ethan Allan who captured British fort for supplies)
Second Continental Congress (1775 wrote Declaration of Independence and Olive Branch Petition)
Marquis De Lafayette (General in colonial army that helped with French alliance)
What are some vocabulary terms that go along with Washington as President/How he became one?
Hero of American Revolution
Set up Cabinet (Secretary of State, War, Treasury)
President in 1789
Neutrality Proclamation (1793)
Farewell Address (1797 No permanent alliances/no sectionalism/avoid political parties)
What are some vocabulary terms that describe the Financial Situation after the American Revolution?
Hamilton created 1st BUS (1791)
Funding At Par (Federal gov. pays its debts)
Assumption (Federal gov. pays states debts)
Hamilton supported first tariff in 1789
Excise Tax (1791)
Whiskey Rebellion
Two Party System
What were some Indian conflicts after American Revolution?
People thought the Proclamation of 1763 was voided (migrated)
Battle of Wabash (1791 that was Indian Victory)
Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794 Indian lose and sign Treaty of Greenville)
What were some vocabulary terms for Reagan’s Foreign Policy?
Arms race with Russia
Strategic Defense Initiative (1983 also called Star Wars)
INF Treaty (1987)
Freed Hostages from Kuwait
Gorbachev pressured by Reagan (1986-1991; Glasnost, Perestroika)
What were some vocabulary terms for Reagan in the United States?
Stagflation - Criticized former President for inflation
Contributed to HUGE national debt
Tax cuts
Reaganomics (1981-1990 that lowered taxes so people would buy more things and businesses would make more money and hire more people)
What were some vocabulary terms for abortion?
Many court cases that put restrictions on abortion like Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989), Parenthood v. Casey (1992)
What were some vocabulary terms for Clinton?
“don’t ask don’t tell” policy (started 1993)
shrunk federal deficit
NAFTA (1994 free trade agreement with US, Mexico, Canada)
Welfare Reforms
Contract with America (1994 Republican movement that criticized Clinton and his failures like Monica Lewinsky scandal).
What were some vocabulary terms for George W. Bush?
Hurricane Katrina (205)
Terrorist Attacks - Militia Movement, 9/11
The Great Recession (2007)
No Child Left Behind (2001)
What were some vocabulary terms for Obama?
Affordable Care/Obamacare (2010)
Osama Bin Laden
ARRA (Fixed American economy from Great Recession, TARP (supported banks and businesses)
What were some vocabulary terms for George H.W Bush?
Operation Desert Storm (1991)
Lied (said he wouldn’t raise taxes)
Economic Recession
Bad Presidential Campaign.
What were some vocabulary terms for the Cold War Ending?
Reagan’s Policies
Poland’s Labor Union (1980-89 called Solidarity)
Berlin Wall 1989
Russian Rebellion
What are some vocabulary terms for Jefferson’s Presidency?
Tripoli War (1801-1805 regarding Barbary pirates in Med. Sea)
Louisiana Purchase (1803 this was done to get New Orleans)
Reduced Navy
Embargo Act (1807 closed all US ports and prevented export/import)
Non-Intercourse Act (1809 prohibited trade with France and Great Britain, but allowed trade with other countries)
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810 prohibited British or French warships from entering American harbors or territorial waters but otherwise opened up trade with the two)
What are some vocabulary terms for John Adams Presidency?
Created Department of Navy and reestablished Marine Corp.
Quasi War with France (1798-1800)
XYZ Affair (1797 US got some money from it)
Alien Laws & Sedition Act (1798 which resulted from Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions)
Convention of 1800
What are some vocabulary terms that go along with the War of 1812?
Started by British impressment on American ships where they could just capture and prosecute Americans
Battle of Lake Erie (1813 Oliver Perry used two ships to fight the British on Erie. One ship sunk but the Lawrence was able to defeat British)
Battle of New Orleans (1815 led by Andrew Jackson who won from a great defensive plan and from British mistakes and Black participation)
Hartford Convention (1812 New England colonies discussed ceding from US over disgust from the War of 1812 WHICH FAILED and Federalist party collapsed —> Era of Good Feelings)
Chesapeake Affair (1807 where British forced America to fight over conflicts in Canada and Indians being armed by British)
Treaty of Ghent (1814 it ends the War and shows America is completely independent and doesn’t need British; It was a tie)
What are some vocabulary terms that go along with Slavery in the 1800s?
Frederick Douglas
Harriet Tubman
Amistad (1839 Africans took control of a ship)
Missouri Compromise (1820 which drew a line at south of MO)
3/5s Compromise (Benefitted Democ. Republicans)
Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831 about slavery. Resulted in stricter slave laws)
Battle of Alamo (1836 this won Texas Independence but they were a slave state, so they were not immdiately let in)
William Lloyd Garrison (Wrote The Liberator that tried getting the Constitution to include blacks)
What were some vocabulary terms to describe the Market Revolution
Cotton Gin (1793 by Eli Whitney; cotton made fast)
Steamboats (1807 Robert Fulton; travel upstream)
Tariff of 1816 (New England goods more expensive)
Cotton Mills in New England by Women and Childs
Erie Canal (1817 by Gov. Clinton in NY that had great profits and encouraged Second Great Awakening to spread)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Second Great Awakening?
Religious Revival that strived against predestination and happened along the Erie Canal.
Pony Express (1860)
Transcendentalist Movement
Seneca Falls Convention (1848 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton who wanted Declaration of Independence to be rewritten to include women and strived for women’s rights).
Charles Grandison Finney (Preacher in NY encouraging women to partake in religion.
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the economic situation regarding the Second Bank of the United States and other economics regarding the First Bank of the United States
Second Bank of United States (1816)
Erie Canal
Specie Circular (Created by Jackson, stated land had to be bought with cash).
Bank War (1832 2nd BUS created by Nicolas Biddle who wanted to renew the bank, but Jackson vetoed it, causing Biddle to demand all loans be paid immediately, causing economic disaster)
First Bank of United States (1791)
Panic of 1819 (due to over-speculation in frontier lands but people blamed first BUS)
Land Act of 1820 (80 acres in the West for cheap)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819 Maryland tried to tax the BUS and were taken to the Supreme Court. It was ruled that you cannot interfere with the Federal Government (state power wise)).
What are some vocabulary terms on the rising tensions in the United States PRE-1860s? (disregard slavery)
Colombia Convention (1832 People in SC hated the tariffs and threatened to secede so Henry Clay lowered it)
John C. Calhoun (Wrote “The South Carolina Exposition” about how unjust the Tariff of 1828 was)
Tariff of Abominations (1828 heavy tax on imports and hated in the south)
Nullification Crisis 1832 (SC nullified tariff that taxed them)
Spoils System (1828 that rewarded jobs for people in the government that supported the winning party)
What are some terms/context as to why John Tyler was viewed as a Bad President?
He was Vice President to William Henry Harrison and contradicted many Whig ideas (he seemed like a Democrat). One example was him vetoing a ball for a Fiscal Bank (New Bank of the United States).
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Mexican-American War AND its after-effects?
War started over disputes from Texas Annexation. Goal was to obtain California and Texas
3 Pronged Attack by Zachary Taylor to captured Buena Vista
Polk Provoked the War
Gadsden Purchase (1853 purchased from Mexico for a railroad)
John Slidell (1845 sent to California to buy it from Mexico —> failed)
Compromise of 1850
Popular Sovereignty (founded by General Lewis Cass)
Seventh of the March Speech (Daniel Webster’s address to the North to urge them to support Compromise of 1850)
“slavocrats” (People in the south who ran to get the new land for slavery)
Congressional Debate of 1850 (Talked about California being accepted as a state and to address threats of secession by Southerners)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848 signed by Nicolas Trist, ended Mexican American War and gave US westward land and California for 15 million dollars)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Manifest Destiny?
Many Americans felt that God had destined them to spread their democratic institutions over the entire continent.
California Gold Rush (1849)
California becomes Free State
What are some vocabulary terms to go along with James K. Polk?
Wanted to Annex Texas
Independent Treasury
Acquire California
Obtain Oregon Territory
Provoked War (EX: Spot Resolutions by Abe. Lincoln accused him that he provoked it)
Declared War on Mexico (1846 because of unpaid claims and Slidell’s rejection of California)
What are some vocabulary words regarding Slavery and causes of the civil war?
Liberty Party (1840 NY who advocated against slavery in politics)
Harriet Tubman (underground r.d. led to strict slave laws)
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852 Harriet Stowe wrote this as an attempt to show people the horrors of slavery; helped to start Civil War)
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (Northerners who helped slaves run were subject to arrest and that slaves couldn’t testify on their own)
Compromise of 1850 (Stricter fugitive slave laws & popular sovereignty)
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857 which permitted slavery in all Western territories. Slaves were considered private property and could be a slave anywhere)
Free Soil Party (Antislavery men of the north created this who argued that slavery would draw jobs away from whites)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
John Brown (Abolitionist in Kansas-Nebraska that killed people)
James Buchanan (Approved of Lecompton Constitution)
Senator Stephan Douglas (Strongly opposed Lecompton Consti.)
Bleeding Kansas (Late 1850s Civil War in Kansas over slavery)
Lecompton Constitution (1857 that stated people could only vote for slavery v. antislavery)
New England Emigrant Aid Company (Abolitionists who paid people to move to Kansas to make it a free state)
What are some terms to describe the ongoing Civil War?
Started in 1860 when SC legislature met in Charles and voted to secede with 6 other states AND Fort Sumter
Naval Warfare
Merrimack (1862 Confederate ship plated with metal)
Monitor (1862 Union created this to prevent blockade breakthrough)
Actual Battles
Fort Sumter (1861 this started the Civil War. It was when Union members needed supplies and when Lincoln sent them, the South shot, taking control of the Fort)
First Battle of Bull Run (1861 Confederates won after Union tried to defeat them to get access to Richmond)
Second Battle of Bull Run (1862 led by General Lee who moved northward where he defeated General Pope’s army)
Battle of Antidam (Following Second Bull Run, General Lee fought McClellan who halted him after Lee’s battle plans were discovered. This stopped their northern movement)
Battle of Gettysburg (Between Richard Henry Lee and Union, a confederate moved in too quickly, allowing the Union to win. VERY DEADLY)
Battle of Vicksburg (Led by Grant, it was a victory that sealed the fate of the Confederacy [they weren’t gonna get foreign help])
Wilderness Campaign (1865 Series of clashes between Grant and Robert E. Lee’s armies in Virginia which led up to Grant’s capture of Richmond)
Legislative Policies and Other
submissionists (states who seceded after Fort Sumter battle)
Emancipation Proclamation (followed Battle of Antidam)
13th Amendment (Legally ended slavery
14th Amendment (Redefined citizenship
15th Amendment (Granted African-Americans right to vote)
Describe the economic situation throughout 1800-1870 using vocabulary terms
North increased tariffs and excise taxes to support the Civil War
Greenback (paper currency in the north that was unreliable)
Blue-Backed Money (paper currency in south that had inflation)
National Banking System (1863 designed to stimulate sale of government bonds and to establish a standard currency)
Morrill Tariff Act (1861 by the North to raise money and protect businesses)
What are some vocabulary words to describe Transcontinental Railroads?
Completed in 1869 by Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Increased trade with Asia, Westward expansion, and immigration
Cornelius Vanderbilt improved Eastern railroads
Interstate Commerce Commission (1887 competing businesses had to resolve conflicts in peaceful ways instead of price wars)
Interstate Commerce Act (1887 prohibited r.r. companies from dividing their business and sharing the profits)
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois (1886 farmers protested against railroads because they ran farmers to bankruptcy. Supreme court ruled that states cannot regulate interstate commerce (angering farmers)
Congress financially supported the construction and gave public land to railroad companies
What are some vocabulary words to describe the businesses during the Gilded Age?
HUGE involvement of Women who became typewriters, telephone switchboard workers (IMPORTANT)
Vertical Integration (combining phases of manufacturing into one organization. Carnegie was big into this)
Horizontal Integration (Allying with competitors to monopolize a market)
Trust (One company takes control of another company’s stock. EX: Rockefeller)
Interlocking directorates (Tactic of putting ones employees on the board of directors at another business to uncover business ideas)
Bessemer Process (Boosted steel production & reduced costs)
Name the three big monopolistic business owners and their corporation…
Andrew Carnegie - Steel Company
John Rockefeller - Standard Oil Company
J. P. Morgan - Insurance
What are some vocabulary terms to describe ways the government was corrupt? Unit 6
Muckraker (Someone who uncovers the truth of all the corruption and rage EX: Lincoln Steffens)
“Boss” Tweed (1871 give or take a few years. He was an American politician in NY who used bribery and fraudulent elections to steal $200 million)
Credit Mobilier scandal (1872 Union Pacific Railroad insiders hired themselves at inflated prices to build railway line and payed off members of Congress)
Liberal Republican Party (1872 it was a group of people who banded together regarding political corruption)
Billion-Dollar Congress (1889-91 when Speaker of the House Thomas Reed, used intimidation to get Congress to pass several debated bills like increasing government purchase on silver.
What are some vocabulary words to describe African Americans in the years from 1840-1895?
Sharecropping (Where landlord/planter allowed black people to use the land in exchange for a portion of the crop they grew)
Jim-Crow Laws (1877-1920s that segregated black people even though they had legal freedom. EX: literacy requirements)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1869 Supreme Court ruled in favor of South’s segregation declaring that separate buildings for blacks were allowed) IMPORTANT
Crop-Lien System (Small farmers who rented land were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue labor on plantation owner fields)
Booker T. Washington (created Tuskegee Institute and wanted Blacks to work themselves up, therefore whites would accept them)
W.E.B Du Bois (Created NAACP in 1909; it was a Civil Rights organization to advance JUSTICE for African Americans.
Ida B. Wells (Created National Association of Colored Women that argued for Women’s rights and improving the status of African Americans)
Grandfather Clause
What are some vocabulary terms to describe labor unions?
Yellow-Dog Contracts (An employer would make employees sign this preventing them from joining a labor union to rebel)
Knights of Labor Union (1869 sought for better working conditions and 8 hour work days. VERY inclusive but lost support in Haymarket)
American Federation of Labor (1886 by Samuel Gompers it was non-inclusive and protested for better wages, hours, and working conditions)
Homestead Strike (1892 when violent worker strikes sufficed causing a battle between them and federal troops; Populous party gained support)
Pullman Strike (1894 by railroad workers for unfair wage cuts; federal troops intervened)
Haymarket Square Incident
What were some vocabulary terms to describe the effects of Immigration and Immigration in general during the Gilded Age?
New Immigrants (Tons of immigrants from southern/eastern EU)
Settlement Houses (1886 People would take care of local community (mostly immigrants) by providing services to them)
Hull Houses (Created by JANE ADDAMS who used these houses to teach immigrants English, counselling to help deal with the city, childcare services, etc.)
Pull Factors:
Huge industrialization
Great Economy
Push Factors
Fears of not assimilating (immigrants)
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Antiforeignism (Americans didn’t like immigrants impeding on their land and worried their culture would be replaced)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe education during the Gilded Age?
Dime Novels (short books about the wild west; boosted education)
On the Origin of the Species (Charles Darwin describing biology)
Scientific Inventions
Morrill Act (1862 Gave grants to schools)
Normal Schools (Teachers got taught how to teach)
What is some vocabulary that involves the prohibition movement during the Gilded Age?
National Prohibition Party (1869 because of high liquor consumption and its effects on people)
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (1874 by women who protested against alcohol)
Anti-Saloon League (Convinced states to ban alcohol sale; led to 18th amendment)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Women during the Gilded Age?
National American Woman Suffrage Association (1890)
National Association of Colored Women (1896 Ida Wells)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman (Feminist who called upon women to contribute to the society economically)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Indians during the Gilded Age?
Reservation Systems (Gave land boundaries to Native American tribes in the west)
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876 between US and Indians over the issue of the reservation systems)
Dawes Act (1887 which gave American Indians land and citizenship if they assimilated into white culture)
Sand Creek Massacre
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the farming situation during the Gilded Age?
Barb Wire (1867 it prevented cowboys from ruining farmer land)
Combine (1880s; machine that increase wheat production)
One-crop economy (Western farmers relied on wheat)
The Grange (1867 by Oliver Kelley meant to enhance lives of isolated farmers and improve their troubles by establishing cooperatively owned stores)
Grange Laws (Grange Members who tried to force public control of private businesses)
Farmers Alliance (late 1870s by farmers who coopered in buying and selling to gain control over railroad companies and businesses)
Populist Party (Formed by angry farmers in the West and South who wanted a graduated income (tax increases as income does), government ownership of railroads)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Theodore Roosevelt?
Rough Riders (Voluntary regiment of Americans for the Spanish War)
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (Allowed America create the Panama Canal)
Square Deal (1901 by Roosevelt it consisted of three parts: control corporations, create consumer protection, and conserve natural resources)
Department of Commerce (1903 oversaw businesses in interstate commerce)
Elkins Act (1903 fined railroads that gave rebates to shippers that accepted them)
Northern Securities Company (Railroad trust shut down by Roosevelt it was a monopolistic trust)
Meat Inspection Act (1906 it required food packing businesses to be federally inspected)
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906 prevented mislabeling of foods and drugs)
Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1907 it authorized national banks to issue emergency currency in the case of a currency shortage)
What are some terms to describe the Spanish-American War?
Spanish Lose cuz they lost battles and land
Sinking of the Maine (contributed to war)
“Yellow Journalism”
Teller Amendment (1898 by President McKinley it put us to war)
Expansionists (advocates for the war)
Anti-Imperialist League (opposed the war and the land gained)
Spanish-American Armistice (America got Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines for $20 million)
George Dewey (1898 his 6-ship fleet defeated Spain and allowed us to take over Manila)
What are some terms to describe the Philippines after the Spanish-American War?
Insular Cases (1901; Supreme Court says U.S. constitution does not extend to Philippines and Puerto Rico)
Philippine Commission (1899 by President McKinley which created a new government in the Philippines. Led to a rebellion)
Philippine Rebellion (1899 by Emilio Aguinaldo after they couldn’t make their own Constitution)
Benevolent Assimilation (Re-establish Philippines by having them make new roads, improve healthcare. Filipinos hated this)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Progressive Movement?
Progressives (Started in 1897, they sought the government to improve human welfare by fighting monopolies, corruption, trusts)
Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894 by Henry Lloyd it exposed business methods of Standard Oil Company)
How the Other Half Lives (1890 Jacob Riis who exposed horrible conditions of slums of New York)
Muckrakers
17th Amendment (Passed from support of the Progressives, it established direct election of U.S. senators)
What are some terms to describe women and the reforms they contributed to? Unit 7
Club movements (created by women where they discussed societal problems and solutions for them)
National Consumers League (1899 by Florence Kelley advocated women to support laws safeguarding women and children)
Muller v. Oregon (1908 Supreme Court rules it was constitutional to enact laws protecting women factory workers)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe William Taft as President?
Dollar Diplomacy (1908-12 by Taft who encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of interest so the US could strengthen defenses)
Payne-Aldrich Bill (1909 it placed a high tariff on imports, angering Republicans because Taft said he would cut taxes)
Republican Party splits into two
Trust Buster (Launched investigations against steel companies)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Woodrow Wilson?
Campaigned against trusts, promised to return state government to the people
Underwood Tariff Bill (1913 it significantly reduced tariffs)
Federal Trade Commission Act (1914 it allowed the FTC to issue cease-and-desist orders to companies that engaged in unfair business tactics)
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914 it was a list of business practices that were deemed objectionable and legalized strikes)
Repealed Panama Canal Tolls Act (WILSON WAS ANTI-IMPERIALIST)
What are some vocabulary terms for World War I?
After WWI, America was very Isolationistic which can be seen through:
National American Woman Suffrage Association (Woman supported WWI)
19th Amendment Passed (woman took over jobs while men were overseas)
Second Battle of the Marne (stopped Germany from invading Westward)
Wilson pledged we would be fighting “for a war to end a war”
Wilson’s 14 Points Address (1919 This was never approved)
Freedom of Speech was Revoked
Sedition Act of 1918 (Illegal to speak out against government)
Schenck v. U.S (1919 freedom of speech could be revoked if it posed a danger to the nation)
Sussex Pledge (Germany stated they would not sink unarmed ships without warning —> did not follow this)
Paris Conference (Big Four met US, GB, Italy, France to discuss Wilson’s idea of the League of Nations which passed)
Dawes Plan of 1924 (Idea to address the debt repayment issue to the United States from the aid given to EU countries during WWI)
Five-Power Naval Treaty (1920s it would reduce the size of someone navy based on their country’s size and power)
Irreconcilables (Congressmen unsupporting the Treaty of Versailles because they were isolationistic)
What was Fordism?
1940s-1970s that involved a system of mass production and assembly line manufacturing named after Henry Ford.
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the first red-scare?
It was a period of intense anticommunism
Example: Mitchell Palmer rounded up people who were in question and deported them.
What were some vocabulary terms to describe anti-immigration/antiforeignism?
Sacco and Vanzetti Case (During the red-scare, these two were killed because they were Italians)
Ku Klux Klan (Grew in 1920s and was very antiforeignistic alongside anti-black)
Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (Placed a quota on the number of European Immigrants who could come to America each year)
Immigration Act of 1924 (Established quotas for immigration to the United States)
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (Abolish quota system)
What were some vocabulary terms to describe the Great Depression?
Started by Stock Manipulations, Bank Failures
Hooverville’s (shantytowns that were the result of Hoover’s failed efforts at controlling the Great Depression)
For Example: Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 (raised taxes by Hoover)
Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF) (1932 by veterans who protested by the capitol and demanded money from their service)
New Deal (1932 by FDR)
What was the biggest thing about the election of 1928?
For the first time, the radio was widely used in election campaigns.
What was the Teapot Dome scandal?
In 1921 when Albert Fall convinced the secretary of the navy to transfer oil-laden land to the Interior Department because he (Albert Fall) would get money if he leased the land
GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION
What are some vocabulary terms to describe World War II?
Caused by Hitler’s invasion of Poland in 1939
War Production Board (Oversaw US war production and ended the Great Depression by offering tons of jobs to people for weaponry)
Lend-Lease Bill (1941 it allowed US to lend or lease war supplies to any nation that was considered a vital defense of the US)
Eight-Point Atlantic Charter (1941 FDR and Churchill met and created this which discussed the goals of WWII; no territorial changes)
Pearl Harbor (1941 Japanese bombers attacked it)
Manhattan Project
Executive Order No. 9066 (When 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into concentration camps after Pearl Harbor)
Yalta Conference (1945 Big Three FDR, Churchill, Stalin met to discuss end of WWII. Their conversation was also over Japan and who got it)
United Nations Conference (1945 consisted of two parts: Security Council and General Assembly. They created UNESCO, FAO, and WHO)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Japan?
General MacArthur
Manhattan Project
Pearl Harbor
Atomic Bomb —> Surrendered on V-J Day
MacArthur-dictated Constitution (1947 when General MacArthur took control making a Democracy in Japan)
Leyte Gulf (1944 Where General MacArthur won 3 battles, ending Japan’s naval power)
Potsdam Conference (1945 Truman met with Stalin and GB leader to issue an ultimatum to Japan: surrender or be destroyed)
What were some vocabulary terms to describe Germany (post WWII)?
Germany splits into four military occupation zones
“iron curtain” (Describes differences between West and East Germany. East was very communistic while the West was focused on capitalism)
Berlin splits into four areas just like Germany
Led to Berlin Wall
What are some vocabulary terms to use for the second red scare/anticommunism?
“containment doctrine” (1947 by George Kennan that said the USSR could be contained by being firm. They were relentlessly expansionary and we had to stop that)
Detente (1969 it was the idea of being able to live with other communist countries)
Truman Doctrine (1947 by President Truman to support containment. This gave money to any country that needed it to resist communism)
Marshall Plan (1948 by George Marshall which gave suffering EU countries tons of money to resist communism)
NSC-68 (1950 Quadrupled military spending to intimidate USSR)
Loyalty Review Board (1947 Created by President Truman, it investigated the possibility of communist spies in the government)
HUAC (1938 that investigated people who opposed the US government)
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg (1951 they were convicted and sentenced to death for allegedly stealing atomic bomb plans (it was discovered that they actually did this))
McCarthyism (1940s-50s; practice of spreading accusations without evidence AKA SECOND RED SCARE)
“Point Four” Program (1949 by President Truman which lended money to underdeveloped countries to help develop them before they were taken by Communism)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the American economy after WWII?
GI Bill (1944 it paid for former WWII soldiers to go to school. It raised education and stimulated the construction industry and created economic expansion)
Housing Act of 1949 (Created public housing)
Economy grew rapidly from 1950-70 with the middle class expanding. New Jobs were created and women began working
Population Mobility (Allowed people to travel about the country at a higher rate because of the great economy; this created the Sunbelt states)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe industries after WWII and inner-country migration?
Industries
Transfer from blue-collar jobs to white-collar
white-collar jobs over blue-collar (gave opportunities to women!)
Migration
White Flight (where tons of white people got aid by the Federal Housing Administration to own houses in the suburbs)
What are some terms to describe technology like T.V’s during the 1940s-1980s?
Checkers Speech (1952 by President Nixon that denied corruption allegations)
What are some terms to describe the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s-80s?
An American Dilemma (1944 by Gunnar Myrdal that discussed the terrible treatment of black citizens)
Malcom X (More violent protesting than peaceful)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954 Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was unequal and unconstitutional. It reversed the previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896))
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat and boycotting erupted)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference - SCLC (1957 by Martin Luther King that sought to mobilize the power of black churches on behalf of black rights)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee - SNCC (1960 black college students began demanding services at a white-only lunch counter, which encouraged others to do the same and thus they demanded equal rights)
Kennedy Supported this (He delivered a speech to the nation in 1963 to find a solution to racial problems)
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Banned racial discrimination in most facilities open to the public, strengthening federal government’s power to end segregation)
What is some vocabulary to use for the Cold War (the doctrines are a different flashcards, so don’t use them!)?
Americans feared communism and feared it even more after:
Sputnik I and II were launched into space
Cuba became militarily allied with USSR (After Fidel Castro overthrew American-supported government)
Cuba’s Bay of Pigs (1961, 1200 American troops were sent to try and overtake Castro, failed!)
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
What were some vocabulary terms to describe President Kennedy?
Trade Expansion Act (1962 Kennedy passed this which cut taxes)
Apollo Plan (1961 by President Kennedy to land a man on the moon)
“New Frontier” Plans (1961-69 that tried fixing unemployment and inflation while keeping high wages for workers)
Southern Democrats and Republicans opposed this
Peace Corps (1961 it was an army of volunteers from US that brought American skills to underdeveloped countries)
What are some vocabulary terms that describe Lyndon B. Johnson as president?
War on Poverty and Discrimination
24 amendment (Abolished poll tax)
Great Society (1965 it was a set of new Deal-ish economic and welfare that tried reducing poverty and racial discrimination. NOT a 100% success because of the money the Vietnam War created)
Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Banned racial discrimination in most facilities open to the public, strengthening federal government’s power to end segregation)
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - EEOC (1965 by LBJ it prohibits discrimination and harassment in jobs)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe the Vietnam War?
Began in 1955 as a result of the United States' Cold War strategy to contain communism.
Operation Rolling Thunder (1965 by LBJ which involved regular bombing attacks against North Vietnam)
Antiwar Demonstrations (Increased because of all the deaths and how we had low odds of winning)
Tet Offensive (1968 when the Viet Cong (Pro-north Vietnamize people in the South) attacked 27 key cities in the South. Horrific loss)
This created a feeling of “New Isolationism”
Nixon bombed the shit out of them (tried to get them to surrender which failed)
What are some vocabulary terms to describe Nixon as President (besides Vietnam)?
Philadelphia Plan (1969 that required construction-trade unions to establish quotas for hiring blacks)
Clean Air Act (1970 it intended to reduce and control air pollution
Endangered Species Act (1973 protect endangered species)
Some of this was made in response to Silent Spring by Rachel Cason that exposed harmful effects of pesticides.
Vietnamization (Sought to withdraw American troops from Vietnam while giving South Vietnam resources to protect itself)
Nixon Doctrine (1969 it stated that the US would not send its soldiers to other country’s to fight that other country’s war)
Watergate Scandal (1972 When 5 men of the Republican Committee were caught breaking into the Watergate Hotel and bugging Democrats' rooms with microphones —> Nixon Resigned after tensions increased)
