Bio230 exam 2 Photosynthesis, Root, soils, water in plants, stems, and leaves

Photosynthesis

process in which solar energy is converted to chemical energy in the forms of sugars

Formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O + light------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

The light dependent reactions require what ingredients to proceed

Water and light

What is a biproduct of the light dependent reactions

Oxygen

What are the ingredients required for the light independent reactions to occur

ATP, NADPH, and CO2

what are the biproducts of the light independent reactions used in the light dependent cycles

ADP+P and NADP+

What is the purpose of the light dependent reactions

energy of sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH

What is the purpose of NADPH

to carry electrons that are pushed to high energy levels by absorbed light

What is the purpose of the light independent reactions

To convert inorganic CO2 to an organic form using ATP and electrons in NADPH

Where do the light dependent reactions take place

in the thylakoid membranes

Where do the biochemical reactions take place

in the stroma of the chloroplast

What are the two ingredients used to form sugars in the biochemical reactions

CO2 and RuBP

What is Rubisco Bisphosphate (RuBP)

A 5 carbon sugar

What is the first step of the biochemical reactions

CO2+RuBP=2PGA

What is the enzyme that catalyzes CO2+RuBP=2PGA in the PCO Cycle

Rubico (Ribulos 1,5 biphosphate carboxylase oxygenase)

What is the purpose of the PCO cycle

Allows for partial recovery of carbon

In the CAM Cycle what two molecules compete to react with RuBP.

CO2 and O2

What is PGA

A 2-3 carbon molecule

In a low CO2/ High O2 environment which process takes place

Photorespiration

During photorespiration what happens to RuBP

Rubisco adds O2 to RuBP which yields 1 phosphoglyceric acid and 1 phosphoglycoate

In a high CO2/ Low O2 environment what process takes place

The light independent reactions

During the Light Independent Reactions what happens to RuBP

Rubisco adds carbon from CO2 to RuBP to form 2 Phospholyceric acids

What happens in the 4 Carbon pathway

4 carbon compound produced instead of 3 carbon PGA during initial steps of light independent reactions

What plants have Kranz Anatomy

C4 plants

what is kranz anatomy

large bundle of sheath cells with large chloroplasts

what are bundle sheath cells

cells surrounding the veins

which plants are C4 plants

Plants of arid regions

What is the C4 Pathway

CO2 concentrating mechanism and spatial separation of reactions

the first step of the Calvin (C3) Cycle: -----+CO2=PGA Catalyzed by _______

RuBP, Rubisco

Where does the Light Independent reactions take place in C3 leaves

In mesophyll cells

Where does the Light independent reactions take place in C4 Plants

Bundle Sheath Cells

Where does the C4 pathway take place in C4 leaves

Mesophyll cells

CO2 is converted into what in the mesophyll of a C4 leaf

organic acids

In the C4 pathway CO2 combines with PEP to form what instead of PGA

OAA (4-carbon)

What enzyme mediates the reaction between CO2 and PEP in C4 plants

PEP Carboxylase

In C4 plants what molecule is used to store CO2 after the C4 cycle has completed

Malic acid

In C4 leaves what cell would have a high CO2 concentration

Mesophyll Cells

At low temperatures which pathways is more efficient

C3 (Calvin Cycle)

At high temperatures which pathway is more efficient

C4

CAM photosynthesis

Organic acids (malic acid) accumulate at night while the stomata is open and convert back to CO2 for photosynthesis during the day while the stomata is closed

How many cells does CAM photosynthesis take place in

only one

CAM plants use what organelle to store malic acid during the night

The Vacuole

Taproot

One main root with many tertiary roots stemming from it

Fibrous Roots

No main root many small branches that resemble fibers

Upon germination what part of the embryo branches out and develops into the first root

the radicle

what do advantageous roots develop from

a stem or leaf

what are the 4 regions of the root

Root cap, region of cell division, region of cell elongation, and region of maturation

root cap

layer of parenchyma cells covering each root tip

root cap function

protects tissue from damage as root grows and secretes mucilage tissue that acts as lubricant

Root hairs

epidermal cell extensions

cortex

Parenchyma cells mostly storing food

Endodermis

single layered cylinder of compact cells

Casparian strips

cell walls with suberin bands

Casparian strips function

Regulates water and mineral transport

Pericycle

outer boundary of vascular cylinder that continues to divide after maturity and forms lateral roots

What type of cell has a solid core of xylem with "arms" in cross section

Dicot

what does a root store

nutrients and water

what are some examples of macronutrients

nitrogen, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur

what are some examples of micronutrients

Iron, sodium, chlorine, copper, manganese, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, boron

What is vegetative propagation

asexual preproduction of plants

Aeration

photosynthetic aerial roots

Aerenchyma Tissue

Snorkel roots

What are the two forms of roots that aid in movement

contractile roots and corkscrew

Striga

parasitic crop plants

what is a consequence of striga

severe reduction of crop yields

What are some strategies to control striga

insert resistance genes into gene pool, insert herbicide resistant genes into crops and spray with herbicide

What is a primary characteristic of elodea root

xylem tissue is largely absent due to plants adaptability to growing in water

Vegitative propagation

adventitious buds on roots develop into suckers (aerial stems)

pneumatophores

that extends above the water's surface for gas exchange "snorkel roots"

what are the two types of aerial roots

velamen and prop roots

Velamen roots

reduce water loss

prop roots

support plants in high wind

Buttress roots

stability in shallow soil found in tropical trees

Contractile Roots

Pull plant deeper into the soil

Dicot stems

Epidermis, cortex, vascular bundle in single ring, pith

Where is the vascular cambium in dicots stems

sandwiched between xylem and phloem (secondary growth)

monocot stems

Epidermis, vascular bundles scattered, cortex cells all over

Where is the vascular cambium in monocots

they have no vascular cambium

Stele

central cylinder of primary xylem, primary phloem, and pith (if present)

Protostele

solid core, phloem surrounds xylem

what plants posses a protostele

in primitive seed plants, whisk ferns, club mosses and ferns

Siphonosteles

tubular with pith in center, common in ferns

Eusteles

Distinct vascular bundles, in flowering plants and conifers

Herby dicots Stems tend to be what type of plant

Many of them Annuals

Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems

Usually green, herbaceous plants, largely posses primary tissues

Describe herbaceous dicots vascular bundles

discrete and arranged in a cylinder

Monocot Stems

Stems have neither a vascular cambium nor a cork cambium

Monocot Stems

produce no secondary vascular tissue or cork

Monocots

primary xylem and phloem in discrete vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem

How are vascular bundles oriented in monocots

with xylem closer to center of stem and phloem closer to the surface

What kind of tissue surrounds the vascular bundles of monocts

parenchyma (ground tissue)

In a typical monocot vascular bundle

two large vessels with several small vessels

In Monocot Stems

Phloem consists of sieve tubes and companion cells

In Monocot Stems

Vascular bundle surrounded by sheath of sclerenchyma cells

Wood=?

Secondary Xylem

Wood

Vascular cambium and cork cambium can be active all year

If wood produced seasonally...

produces two types of wood spring and summer wood

Spring wood

Relatively large vessel elements of secondary xylem produced

Summer wood

fewer, smaller vessel elements in proportion to tracheids

In conifers(gymnosperms not dicots)

vessels absent