BI108 Quiz 6 Review Flashcards

Flashcards for BI108 Quiz 6 Review

Self

Own healthy body cells

Non-Self

Any foreign body (bacteria, viruses, transplanted organs)

Lymph

Clear fluid derived from blood plasma (no red blood cells; instead white blood cells!)

Lymphatic system functions

Drains fluid from tissues, filters through lymph nodes (immune checkpoints), and returns clean fluid to bloodstream.

Leukocytes

White blood cells that scan and attack non-self elements by initiating an immune response.

Phagocytes

Specialized immune cells that eat & digest invaders (bacteria, viruses, dead cells)

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Produce antibodies that bind to antigens and destroy invading cells.

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Kill infected cells via lysis/apoptosis and regulate immune response.

Innate immunity

1st line of defense; non-specific, immediate, always present. Same response to all threats.

Adaptive immunity

Specific, slower to start but highly targeted. Remembers past invaders for faster future responses.

Skin (Innate Immunity)

Salty, dry, hard for pathogens to survive.

Mucus (Innate Immunity)

Traps microbes.

Lysozymes (Innate Immunity)

Enzymes in tears/saliva that break down bacteria.

Defensins (Innate Immunity)

Small proteins that puncture microbial membranes.

Inflammation (Innate Immunity)

Recruits immune cells.

Phagocytosis (Innate Immunity)

Engulf and destroy invaders.

Diversity (Adaptive Immunity)

Ability to recognize millions of different antigens.

Specificity (Adaptive Immunity)

Each immune response targets a particular invader.

Memory (Adaptive Immunity)

Quicker and stronger response upon second exposure.

Self vs non-self recognition (Adaptive Immunity)

Prevents attacking own body.

Antigens

Molecules that trigger an immune response (proteins, sugars, etc).

Antibodies

Proteins made by B cells that recognize an antigen.

Clonal deletion

Elimination of potentially harmful lymphocytes that can't recognize self.

Homeostasis

The stability of the internal environment, and the mechanisms used to maintain that stability

Control systems

Sense when conditions deviate from ‘normal’ and initiate physiological mechanisms to correct the error

Set point

A reference point in a control system.

Error signal

Difference between the set point and feedback information

Negative feedback

Information that returns system to set point

Positive feedback

Amplifies a response and increases deviation from a set point

Pancreas

Multiple types of cells that each produce/secrete different hormones (insulin and glucagon)

Endocrine System

Collection of glands that secrete hormones that control physiological activities

Neurosecretory cells

Excitable cells that propagate action potentials.

Nonneural endocrine cells

Not excitable; typically stimulated to secrete hormone by other hormones.

Pituitary gland

Secretes hormones that control many other glands, is attached to the hypothalamus, and is composed of two parts: Anterior and Posterior.

Axis

When endocrine signaling acts in sequence.

Neurohormones

Secreted by neurosecretory cells (can stimulate or inhibit target).

Tropic hormones

Control other endocrine glands.

Hormones

Directly simulate cells/tissues

Diffusion

Movement of oxygen across the membrane via concentration gradient

Bulk Flow

Oxygen moving WITH the blood

Fick's law

The rate of diffusion changes based on the concentration different on either side of the membrane / distance that the molecule has to travel

Hemoglobin

Protein found on red blood cells which have 4 polypeptide subunits, each subunit has an iron-containing heme group which can either bind to O2 or CO2

Open Circulatory System

Moving oxygen + carbon dioxide through fluid in the body (hemolymph) without the use of tubes

Closed Circulatory System

We have tubes to run blood to move oxygen + carbon dioxide throughout our body

Arteries

Away from the heart

Veins

Blood returns to the heart

Capillaries

The site of exchange between blood and tissues

Vasodilation

The relaxation of the smooth muscle to dilation of the arteries

Vasoconstriction

The tightening of the arteriole to restrict blood flow

Oxygenation

When a pigment picks up oxygen (also known as loading oxygen)

Deoxygenation

When a pigment releases oxygen (unloading)

Pulmonary circuit

Brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart: right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium

Systemic circuit

Brings oxygenated blood to body tissues from the heart: left ventricle -> body -> right atrium

Pacemaker Cells

Depolarize cells in the sinoatrial node (S-A) in right atrial wall