SS Midterm 2 Terms

Ancient Olympic Games

Religious festival for Zeus held every four years in Olympia, grew into a 5 day sport festival with over 40k attendees from throughout Greece.

• City-states declared a truce/ekecheiria during games

• Religion/Ideas, united people

Politics

Ideas and activities relating to gaining and exercising power within a group of people, organization, and/or particular territory

State

Ruling bureaucracy; organizational structure

• Ex) city-state, kingdom, nation-state, empire

Regime

Rules and institutions for selecting leader

• Ex) Hereditary Monarchy, Democracy, Oligarchy, Tyranny

Government

set of people who are in power

• Ex) trump administration, king cyrus

Empire

A political order [state] with two important characteristics

1) rule over a significant number of distinct peoples, each possessing a different cultural identity and separate territory

2) a state with flexible borders and a potentially unlimited appetite

Philip II of Macedon

Reorganized millitary tactics (phalanx pezhetairoi, reorganized Macedonian society around the military, created the league of Corinth, an alliance between almost all the greek city states, and father of Alexander the Great.

Alexander the Great

Tutored by Aristotle, 11 year long military campaign in which he conquered the Persian Empire, making Macedonia the largest and most powerful empire in the world. Genius in the battlefield, charismatic, ruthless and brilliant.

Syncretism

combining and mixing of different religions, cultures, and schools of thought,

one of the factors that allowed the Roman Empire to be so successful and spread, people got to keep their own beliefs

Republic

Form of government in which the country is

“public affair/thing/wealth”, not private concern of rules

Roman Republic

Second phase of politics/regime in Rome (509BC-27BC)

had consuls or co-leaders, elected for 1 yr terms

Had social stratification

• Citizens (males)

• Women could not hold office or vote, married young, controlled by fathers or husbands, could own property though

• Patricians fell into Senatorial class (politician class) or equestrian class (horse-owning class)

• Plebeians (1st-5th classes were soldiers), based on property owned, initially had no political role but could go on strike, and with that got more rights in the future

• Slaves, could earn/buy freedom, child of freed slaves were citizens, had varied work

Roman Senate

The governing body of the Roman Republic, composed of elected officials who advised the consuls.

Roman Consuls

Consuls: co-leaders, elected for 1yr terms

Patricians

The aristocratic class in ancient Rome, holding significant social and political power.

• Patricians  

  • Senatorial class  (Politician class)

  • Equestrian class  (Horse-owning class)

Plebians

The common people of ancient Rome, who had limited rights compared to the patricians.

• 1st-5th classes (soilders): based on property owned, equipment in battle

• Proletarian

• Plebians initially had no former political role, but could go on strike

• Gained Plebeian Council (legislative assembly) and Tribune (494 BC)

• Tribune of the Plebs, who could veto Consuls, propose legislation, etc.

• Gained Twelve Tables (449 BC): 1st Written Roman Law Code

• Over time, class divisions between Patricians and Plebeians become blurred

Punic Wars

A series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC, leading to the destruction of Carthage.

Gaius Julius Caesar

A Roman general and statesman whose actions led to the rise of the Roman Empire and the end of the Roman Republic.

~50 BC

Emperor/Caesar Augustus

(27BC-14AD)

first roman emperor, doubling the size of the empire, who established the principate and initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana.

• Emperor Augustus, called “son of [a] god” and “savior of the world”

Imperial Cult

public worship of Emperors, deification of revered deceased emperors

Judaism

Religion associated with jewish peoples, monotheistic YHWH, god given lawcode and lawgiver Moses, holy writings like the torah, rituals and practices, chosen people, expectation of a savior/Messiah

not neccesarily precursor but innately tied to chirstianity,

Messiah

In Judaism, a savior of the chosen people (jews), to freedom.

Jesus was seen as the messiah by some, and hence the spilt into Christianity, while those of jewish faith believe he was not the messiah.

Jesus of Nazareth

Some viewed him as the messiah, he performed miraculous feats, emphasizing love, forgiveness, and repentance. 12 apostles (sent ones) to gain followers, jews dont think he is the messiah, romans crucify him, he comes back to life, those who follow jesus spilt into christians.

Paul of Tarsus

Originally Saul, was a jewish opponent of christianity, sees a vision of jesus, becomes an apostle to spread Christianity to non jews throughout the Roman world. “In chirst, there is neither jew nor greek, male nor female, slave nor free”(equality)

Constantine the Great

• Converted to Christianity after a vision of victory

• Ended persecution of Christians

• Held council of Nicaea 325CE to standardize Christianity

• Temporarily reunified Roman empire with victories over rival emperors  moved capital east to Constantinople

• Reorganized government, army, economy, army, economy

Roman Catholic Church

The largest Christian church, led by the Pope, with a significant influence on Western civilization.

Pope

father of church, top of hierarchy for catholic church

appointed cardinals and bishops (second and third in command), who then chose the next pope

Odoacer

A Germanic chieftain who deposed the last Roman emperor in the West, marking the end of the Western Roman Empire. also sets up the Kingdom of Italy & makes himself king,

Middle Ages

500ad-1500ad

in the middle between fall of roman empire/end of ancient period and beginning of the modern period (renaissance)

lack of written sources compared to other periods,

poverty, hunger disease

Legitimacy

 the recognition of the authority or right of a person to rule or lead, from the perspective of those being led or ruled

Traditional legitmacy

1/3 Weber

based on tradition, family relations, religious obligations, hereditary rule, etc

• privilege

Charismatic legitimacy

2/3 Weber

based on “personal devotion” to a particular leader based on the characteristics of that leader

• charisma

Legal-Rational/Bureaucratic Legitimacy

Based on a clear, established set of rules and procedures for who is in authority and how they can exercise that power

• competency

Estate System

Middle ages social stratification

divided societies into several hierarchical groupings

First Estate

clergy/officials of the roman catholic church

those who pray

bishops(leaders of the church, pope/top bishop) priests, monks, nuns

Second Estate

Nobility, privileged, title-holding class

those who fight

princes, lords(dukes marquis, earls, countes, barons), knights

+ female versions, princesses, ladies (duchess, marquise, countess, baroness) Dame

Third Estate

Commoners

those who work

free(peasants, merchants, artistians)

serfs: peasants legally bound to service to a particular lord on a particular plot of land)

slaves

Serfs

Serfs: peasants legally bound to service to a particular lord on a particular plot of land

• peasants legally bound to service a particular lord on a particular plot of land, 

• also known as villeins (those who work in a villa)

• Looked down upon, seen as dirty, evil, and immoral (hence, “villans)

Serf Life

• Everyone in serf families worked, men with agricultural work, women with animal care and household care, children with chores to assist

• Had significant leisure time, both because seasonality of work and to prevent rebellion

• Simple diet of bread, veggies, little meat

Feudalism

arrangement of overlapping political power and responsibility between lords and vassals

• based on granting of fiefs (rights to use and rule a portion of land, usually hereditary)

• lords provide land rights, protection to their vassals

  • vassals provide politcal loyalty, economic service (carried out by commoners) and military service to lords

  • people often were lords and vassals at the same time

Fiefs

(land rights) rights to use and rule a portion of land, usually hereditary

(feudalism system)

Lords

Lords: royalty/nobles/clergy who controlled a territory and granted land rights (fiefs) to others who rank lower on the social stratification scale

Lords provide land rights, protection to their vassals;

Vassals

Vassals: nobles who owned their land rights (fiefs) and their allegiance to a higher-ranking lord

• protection to their vassals;

• Vassals provide political loyalty, economic service (carried out by commoners) and military service to lords)

Manorial System

An economic system in medieval Europe where lords owned large estates and peasants worked the land.

Medieval lords typically arranged their lands as manorial villages, agricultural village communities that contained:

• manor or castle in which the lord lives (1/2 biggest buildings)

• fields worked by peasants for the benefit of the lord

• a church (1/2 biggest buildings)

• mill for processing grain

• stargate house for grain

• peasant house

Bailiffs

Official commoners from outside a particular manor placed in charge of supervising, collecting taxes, etc

Social facts

DURKHEIM: social facts/norms

• “Manners of acting, thinking and feeling, external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power, by virtue of which they exercise control over him.” Rules of Sociological Method (1895)

• lead to solidarity, or norms lead to a shared sense of belonging

Solidarity

that which holds society together, social cohesion, spilt into two parts

Mechanical Solidarity

social cohesion based on sameness and conformity; individuals are essentially interchangeable

cogs in a machine

Organic solidarity

• social cohesion based on division of labor, complementarity and mutual dependence [like the weird flesh guys from all tomorrows] 

  • Society is like an organism, with individuals as the organs or cells, more complex

Silk Road

network of asian trade routes active from 200 BCE to 1500 AD

facilitated economic, cultural, political, and religious interactions between the eastern and western worlds

more goods, more professions, more information

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant and explorer known for his travels to Asia and his accounts of the cultures he encountered.

• inspired other travellers

• spread ideas and cultures across Eurasia

Guilds

professional organizations that monopolize a particular craft within one or more cities, and train practitioners,

(after town given charter by kinds, towns directly under jurisdiction of monarch, in exchange for economic support of the monarch)

Bourgeoisie

• Residents of burghs/boroughs known as burghers or bourgeoisie, who emerge as a middle class with economic power (based on money, not land) and independent of noble lords, challenging mechanical solidarity and feudal political power.  

  • Challenge solidarity that held together the middle ages

The middle class in society, typically associated with capitalism and owning the means of production.

Schism of 1054

•  Catholic and Orthodox churches spilt

  • Officials from Catholic and Orthodox Churches excommunicate (kick out of Church) one another, making Schism official

Crusades

series of military campaigns launched by the papcy/pope between 1095 and 1291 against muslim rulers for the recovery and defense of the holy land

prelude- power struggle between European states and catholic church

Holy Roman Empire

attempt by the pope to revive the western roman empire

Magna Carta

1215 agreement between king of England and rebellious barons, layout rights and laws protecting nobles, subjects

limited the powers of the english king and established certain legal rights

Investiture Controversy

in holy roman empire 1076-1122

• Pope Greory VII (1073-1085) and German King (later Holy Roman Emperor) Henry IV (1054-1105) did not like each other

• King Henry IV, as was common practice at the time, appointed bishops within his territory

• In 1075, Pope Gregory VII wrote a document declaring the Church had sole power to appoint church officials, and had power to depose monarchs

• Henry responded by declaring Gregory illegitimate, calling for election of a new pope

• Gregory responded by excommunicating Henry (and declaring Henry deposed

• Excommunication gives justification to pre-existing rebellion against Henry by unhappy nobles

  • Threatened by rebellion, King Henry is forced to apologize to Pope Gregory. King treks to castle where Pope is staying, King Henry, barefoot and wearing itchy hair shirt is forced to wait outside in the snow before Pope Gregory will see him

• More stuff

• Pope Gregory excommunicates Henry two more times

• Henry picks a different pope (Clement II-known in official Church history as an ‘anti-pope’)

• New “Pope” Clement declares King Henry to be the Holy Roman Emperor

• Emperor Henry sends army to Rome to take down Pope Gregory

• Gregory gets backup from a friendly noble, but Rome gets wrecked in the battle

• Gregory dies in 1085, followed by Pope Victor III (1086-1087) then Pope Urban II (1088-1099)

reconquista

spanish and portuguese for reconquest, The period of history in the Iberian Peninsula when Christian kingdoms sought to reclaim territory from Muslim rule.

Knights Templar

1119: the “poor fellow-soldiers of christ and of the temple of solomon” better known as the Knights Templar, a religious military order of Catholic knights and officials created during the Crusades

Rhineland Massacres

1096

First example of widespread anti-Semitic violence against Jews in what is now Germany, thousands of europeans murdered by crusaders

1492

• Columbus sailed the ocean, “discovered” the americas, led to European powers conquering and nearly wiping out indigenous populations

• By 1492, the Catholic Church had been weakened and needed a “win”

• The monarchies of Spain & Portugal were entering a period of strength and unity

  • Those two + church were in alliance

• In 1492,

  • The reconquista (seen as continuation of crusades) is completed in spain

  • Practicing jews are expelled from spain

  • Columbus set sail with ideas of reviving the cruises

• Church say the new world as an opportunity to:

  • Gain new converts (indigenous people)

  • Fund its activities through wealth gained there (gold, silver, crops)

  • Exert political influence in Europe 

erdapfel

• the oldest surviving globe of the world, finished by Martin Behaim (germain cartographer, advisor to Portuguese King) in 1492

  • Labels practically all of south/southeast asia as india

  • Exists in a tradition of medieval map-making that also includes the catalan atlas of 1375, created by mostly jewish cartographers in Spain based on various sources and accounts, including those of Marco polo

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer credited with the discovery of the Americas in 1492 while seeking a westward route to Asia.

Columbian Exchange

refers to the exchange of diseases, ideas, food crops and populations between the New World and the Old World following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492 

• Diseases: New World got smallpox cholera, measles; old world (Eurasia) got syphilis

• Plants and animals: New world got horses, pigs, cows; old world got potatoes, corn, tomatoes, chilli peppers and tobacco

• People: New world got European conquerors, settlers and missionaries, and african slaves

Black Death

(1347-1351 peak) also weakened the church, which had a hard time explaining the suffering to its members

had killed up to ⅓ of the population of europe during the 1300s, but the depopulation had longterm effect of increasing wealth and standard of living among survivors and generations after

Ferdinand and Isabella

King Ferdinand II of Aragon (1479-1516) and Queen Isabella of Castile (1474-1504) were the “Catholic Monarchs” of spain

• sponsored Columbus's voyages.

• After years of fighting and rivalry, they made peace with Portugal through treaty of alcacovas in 1479

• Also married their daughter to the son of King of Portugal in 1490

• Finish Reconquista in 1492

Philip IV (France)

•  France ~1300

  • King Philip IV was in debt (much of it owned to the Knights Templar) and attempted to tax the church and limit its role in political affairs

  • Conflict between king and pope escalate

  • A king of France known for his conflicts with the papacy and for centralizing royal power.

Avignon Papacy

The period from 1309 to 1377 when the popes resided in Avignon, France, rather than Rome, leading to a decline in papal authority.