HIM 2360: Exam 2 Prep

Chapt 5/6

Absorption

Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.

Amino acids

Small building blocks of proteins; released when proteins are digested.

Amylase

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch.

Anus

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

Appendix

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum.

Bile

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules.

Bilirubin

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

Bowel

Another term for intestine.

Canine teeth

Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

Cecum

First part of the large intestine.

Colon

Large intestine; consists of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.

Common bile duct (choledochus)

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

Defecation

Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus.

Deglutition

Swallowing.

Dentin

Primary material in teeth; covered by enamel in the crown and cementum in the root.

Digestion

Breakdown of complex foods into simpler forms.

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine; about 12 inches long.

Elimination

Act of removing waste materials from the body.

Emulsification

Physical process of breaking large fat globules into smaller globules.

Enamel

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Enzyme

Chemical that speeds up reactions between substances; names often end in –ase.

Esophagus

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.

Fatty acids

Substances produced when fats are digested; a type of lipid.

Feces

Solid waste; stool.

Gallbladder

Small sac under the liver that stores bile.

Glucose

Simple sugar.

Glycogen

Stored form of glucose in the liver.

Hydrochloric acid

Substance in the stomach necessary for digestion of food.

Ileum

Third part of the small intestine.

Incisor

One of the four front teeth in the dental arch.

Insulin

Hormone from the pancreas that helps transport sugar into cells and promotes glycogen storage.

Jejunum

Second part of the small intestine.

Lipase

Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats.

Liver

Large organ in the RUQ that secretes bile, stores nutrients, makes proteins, and detoxifies blood.

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach; also called cardiac sphincter.

Mastication

Chewing.

Molar teeth

Large back teeth used for grinding food.

Palate

Roof of the mouth.

Pancreas

Organ under the stomach that produces insulin and digestive enzymes.

Papillae

Small nipple-like projections on the tongue.

Parotid gland

Salivary gland within the cheek, near the ear.

Peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions of tubular organs to move contents.

Pharynx

Throat; common passageway for food and air.

Portal vein

Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.

Protease

Enzyme that digests protein.

Pulp

Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

Pyloric sphincter

Ring of muscle at the stomach’s distal end that controls food passage into the duodenum.

Pylorus

Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.

Rectum

Last section of the large intestine before the anus.

Rugae

Ridges on the hard palate and the stomach wall.

Saliva

Digestive juice from salivary glands; contains amylase.

Salivary glands

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands that secrete saliva.

Sigmoid colon

S-shaped last part of the colon before the rectum.

Sphincter

Circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes an opening.

Stomach

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus.

Triglycerides

Fat molecules with three fatty acids and one glycerol.

Uvula

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.

Villi

Microscopic projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.

Anorexia

Lack of appetite.

Ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen.

Borborygmus

Rumbling noise from movement of gas/fluids in GI tract.

Constipation

Difficulty passing stools.

Diarrhea

Frequent passage of loose stools.

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing.

Eructation

Gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching).

Flatus

Gas expelled through the anus.

Hematochezia

Passage of fresh red blood from the rectum.

Jaundice

Yellow discoloration of skin/eyes from high bilirubin.

Melena

Black, tarry stools with digested blood.

Nausea

Unpleasant stomach sensation with urge to vomit.

Steatorrhea

Fat in feces; foul-smelling stool.

Aphthous stomatitis

Inflammation of mouth with small ulcers.

Dental caries

Tooth decay.

Herpetic stomatitis

Herpes infection causing mouth inflammation.

Oral leukoplakia

White patches in the mouth.

Periodontal disease

Inflammation and degeneration of gums/teeth bone.

Achalasia

Failure of LES muscle to relax.

Esophageal cancer

Malignant tumor of the esophagus.

Esophageal varices

Swollen veins at lower esophagus.

Gastric carcinoma

Malignant tumor of the stomach.

GERD

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Peptic ulcer

Open sore in stomach or duodenum lining.

Hernia

Protrusion of an organ through muscle wall.

Anal fistula

Abnormal tube-like passage near anus.

Colonic polyposis

Polyps in colon mucous membrane.

Colorectal cancer

Malignant tumor of colon/rectum.

Crohn disease

Chronic inflammation of the intestine.

Diverticulosis

Outpouchings in intestinal wall.

Dysentery

Painful, inflamed intestines.

Hemorrhoids

Swollen varicose veins in rectum.

Ileus

Obstruction from failure of peristalsis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Chronic inflammation of colon/intestine.

Intussusception

Telescoping of the intestine.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Stress-related GI symptoms without lesions.

Ulcerative colitis

Chronic colon inflammation with ulcers.

Volvulus

Twisting of the intestine.

Cirrhosis

Chronic degenerative liver disease.

Pancreatic cancer

Malignant tumor of the pancreas.

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas.

Viral hepatitis

Liver inflammation caused by virus.