Genetics and Enzyme Function Quiz Review

Substitution

A type of mutation where one base is replaced by another in the DNA sequence.

Genome

The whole of the genetic information of an organism.

Common ancestor

All members of a genus have evolved from the same common ancestor.

Gene knockout

Gene targeted inactivated/removed from an organism to test on it and see what it would do without that gene.

XX

Indicates a female in terms of chromosomes.

XY

Indicates a male in terms of chromosomes.

DNA polymerase I

It removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA during DNA replication.

mRNA with 18 amino acids

Would contain 54 bases.

Amino acids

Differ from each other based on the composition of their side chains.

Gel electrophoresis

Contains DNA fragments with the same number of base pairs in each band.

DNA polymerase role

Adds nucleotides to the growing strand during DNA replication.

UAG

The anticodon on tRNA used in translation when TAG is transcribed.

Translation initiation

The small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA.

RNA polymerase

An enzyme that has a role similar to that of helicase in replication.

Dipeptide formation

Oxygen and hydrogen must be removed from two molecules of methionine to form a dipeptide.

Semi-conservative DNA

One strand from the original DNA, and the other strand replicated made by DNA polymerase.

Transcription process

RNA polymerase III unzips/unwinds the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase III adds codons, DNA polymerase I checks for errors, and mRNA is made.

Importance of mRNA

Used for translating information from DNA that cannot be understood outside of the nucleus.

Nucleus

Can easily travel/carry information from nucleus

Ribosomal Subunits

Can easily help create peptides and proteins with ribosomial subunits

Protein Structure

Outline protein structure

Basic Protein Structure

Made from polypeptides + amino acids

Secondary Protein Structure

Folding of alpha and beta peptide sheets cause formation

Tripeptide

Continuous folding of sheets, creating a 3-dimensional structure

Quaternary Protein Structure

Multiple (3+) peptides interacting together (ex. haemogloben)

Anticodons

Bases CUG are the anticodons of the tRNA, ready to base pair with the mRNA to create a peptide chain

P Site

Holds tRNA w/ the growing polypeptide chain

E Site

tRNA released from ribosome

Enzyme Feature

They all react with substrates

Enzyme Reaction Graph

The going down point of an enzyme catalyzed reaction graph is where active sites have changed shape

Non-competitive Inhibitors

Are a different shape from the substrate

Flat Line in Reaction Rate

All active sites are occupied by substrate molecules

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitors that share the same shape binding to the active site to block enzymes from doing their job, slowing the rate of reaction

Non-competitive Inhibition

Inhibitors that don't share the same shape as the substrate bind to the allosteric site to shift the active site so the substrates are unable to bind and do their job, slowing the rate of reaction

Temperature and Enzyme Activity

Enzymes have a slower ROR in colder temperatures, while enzymes have a higher ROR in warmer temperatures

Optimal Temperature Range

The ROR and metabolism are at the most efficient point in the optimal temperature range, the highest point

Intracellular Enzymes

Enzymes and other molecules working inside of the cell for metabolism

Extracellular Enzymes

Enzymes and other molecules working outside of the cell and metabolism

Activation Energy

Enzymes speed up the activation energy for metabolism and all other organisms

Byproduct of Metabolic Reactions in Endotherms

The byproduct of metabolic reactions is heat in endotherms, created to keep the body at the right temperature to function properly

Hydrolysis on Reaction Graph

Hydrolysis would be the highest on a graph where the slope is about to decrease

Decrease in Active Amylase

As the temperature increased, exceeding the optimal point/temperature, the enzymes begin to denature, now unable to work and carry out tasks efficiently