Guided Notes - Energy and Respiration

aerobic

Involving or occurring in the presence of
oxygen.

anaerobic

Occurring in the absence of oxygen.

cellular respiration

Pathway that uses an electron transfer chain to harvest energy from an organic molecule and make ATP.

coenzyme ATP

Transfers with a phosphate group

coenzyme CoA

carries acetyl group (COH3) during glycolysis

coenzymes FAD, FADH, FADH2

carries electrons during aerobic respiration

coenzymes NAD, NAD+

carries electrons during glycolysis

coenzymes NADP, NADPH

carries electrons, hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis

commercial uses of alcoholic and lactate (lactic acid) fermentation

alcoholic: beer, wine, bread
lactate: yogurt

electron transfer chain (aka electron transport chain)

In a cell membrane, series of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in small, usable steps.

endergonic

Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy.

energy

the capacity to do work

entropy

Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed.

equation of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + O2

exergonic

Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy

explain how cells store and harvest energy using chemical reactions

- store energy by running endergonic reactions that build organic compounds
-glucose(and the energy in its bonds) can be stored in a cell
-release stored energy by running exergonic reactions that break the bonds of organic compounds
-most cells do this when they carry out overall reactions of aerobic respiration, which releases the energy of glucose by breaking the bonds between its carbon atoms

explain why aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration are both used by muscle cells. specify when your body might use one over the other.

when intense exercise depletes oxygen in muscles faster than it can be replenished, muscle cells produce ATP mainly by lactate fermentation

explain why ATP is particularly good at storing energy

-Bonds between phosphate groups hold a lot of energy compared to other bonds
-ATP has 2 of them holding its 3 phosphate groups together
-When a phosphate group is transferred to or from a nucleotide, this bond energy is transferred along with it
-The nucleotide can receive energy from a exergonic reaction and donate to an endergonic one

fermentation

Anaerobic glucose

general characteristics of all fermentation pathways

start with glycolysis, produce ATP, neither pathway fully breaks down the carbon backbone of glucose.

how do cells harvest energy from organic molecules and what happens to these organic molecules as a result?

cells also harvest energy from other organic molecules by oxidizing them. fats, complex carbohydrates, and proteins in food can be converted to molecules that enter aerobic respiration at various stages

kinetic energy

The energy of motion.

mitochondria inner compartment (matrix)

D

mitochondria inner membrane

B

mitochondria outer compartment(intermembrane space)

C

mitochondria outer membrane

A

nutrient

Substance that an organism must acquire from the environment for growth and survival.

Outline the first and second laws of thermodynamics

first law: energy cannot be created or destroyed
second law: energy tends to spread out spontaneously

phosphorylation

Reaction in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule.

potential energy

Energy stored in the position or arrangement of a system's components.

redox reaction

Oxidation

substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP formation by the transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP.

summarize how ATP is formed in the final stage of aerobic respiration

At the inner membrane, electrons from the 12 coenzymes reduced in the previous steps power the synthesis of approx. 32 ATP. Water forms when oxygen accepts electrons at end of electron transport chain

what is glycolysis? where does it occur? summarize what happens during this process

glycolysis is a series of reactions that produce ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells. It breaks one carbon(carbon bond of a glucose molecule). energy released when bond breaks is captured in electrons carried by NADH, and in high energy phosphate bonds of ATP. reactions use 2 ATP and produce 4, net yield of glycolysis is two ATP.

what is the citric acid cycle(a.k.a Krebs cycle)? where does it occur? summarize what happens during this process

citric acid cycle(krebs cycle): a cyclic pathway that harvests energy from acetyl

what role does oxygen play in the electron transport chain? what ultimately happens to oxygen?

oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transfer chains. an oxygen molecule combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water.

why is the total amount of energy available for doing work in the universe always decreasing?

some of the energy in every transfer disperses as heat, and dispersed heat isn't useful for doing work