BODY SYSTEMS

digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory,

endocrine system

collection of glands that produce hormones

hormones

chemical substance that regulate metabolism, growth and development, sexual/tissue fucntion, reproduction, sleep, and mood

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

in the thyroid gland - stimulate and maintain metabolic processes

calcitonin and parathyroid

parathyroid gland - lowers and raises blood calcium levels

thymosin

thymus - stimulate t cell development

epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal gland/medulla - increase blood glucose, increase metabolic activities, constrict certain blood vessels

glucocorticoids

adrenal cortex - increase blood glucose

mineralocorticoids

adrenal cortex - promote absorption of Na and extraction of K in kidneys

Insulin and glucagon

pancreas - lowers and raises blood glucose

Androgens

testes - support sperm formation and development of male sex characteristics

Estrogen and Progesterone

ovaries - stimulate uterine lining growth and development of female sex characteristics

Homeostasis

tendency of an organisms or cell to maintain a constant interval environment with tolerance limits

Negative feedback

response that is reverse of the change detected (reduce the change)

Thermoregulation

mechanisms are induced to restore normal levels if body temperature changes

Osmoregulation

ADH is secreted to retain water when dehydrated and its release is inhibited when the body is hydrated

Positive feedback

response that reinforces the change detected (amplify change)

Excretory system

mechanism for the elimination of various wastes (water, salts, co2, and urea) from the body

Protonephridia (flame cells)

flatworms (planaria) - cells in the two tubules that have a cluster of cilia

Nephridia

earthworms (lumbricus) - reabsorb useful metabolites (metanephridia) before excretion of waste

Malpighian tubules

removes wastes from insects by producing urine and solid nitrogenous wastes