Behv Med 3

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

pattern of behavior characterized by impaired control, social impairment and risky use of a drug (mild, moderate, severe)

• causes more deaths, illness and disabilities than any other preventable health conditions

• Smoking marijuana and vaping more popular than smoking cigarettes

behavioral addiction

new catergory of behaviors such as gambling that display the characteristics of substance abuse disorders

Drug Abuse

use of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological, psychological or social well being

• Alcohol and tobacco the most widely used drugs worldwide

Drug Ingestion or Administration

Orally, rectally, by injection, inhalation, absorption through skin

• injected or inhaled: stronger and more immediate effects than when swallowed

• Drup lipid solubility affects blood-brain barrier passage and placental barrier permeation

blood-brain barrier

the network of tightly packed capillary cells that separates the blood and the brain

• to reach the brain, a drug first must be absorbed through the capillary wall and then through the fatty sheath

teratogens

drugs, chemicals and environmental agents that can damage the developing person during fetal developement

agonist

a drug that attaches to a receptor and produces neural actions that mimic or enhance those of a naturally occurring neurotransmitter

antagonist

a drug that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

dependence

a state in which the use of a drug is required for a person to function normally

withdrawal

the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person abruptly ceases using certain drugs

Neural Sensitization Theory

addiction is the result of efforts by the body and brain to counteract the effects of a drug to maintain an optimal internal state

psychoactive drugs

drugs that affect mood, behavior, thought process by altering the functioning of neurons in the brain; they include stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens

Withdrawal- relief hypothesis

drug use serves to restore abnormally low levels of key neurotransmitters

• Support: depression, anxiety, low self esteem are associated with neurotransmitter deficiencies

• Shortcomings: Does not explain why people with drug addictions begin taking a drug in the first place, or why relapses are common even long after withdrawal symptoms have subsided

Genetic Reward Deficiency Syndrome

Certain addictions occur when brain’s reward circuitry malfunctions and leads to powerful cravings

• Addiction is motivated by pleasure seeking

Social Control Theory

stronger a persons attachment to family, school, and other social institutions, the less likely the person will be to break any social norms.

Peer cluster theory

peer groups strong enough to overcome the controlling influence of social institutions

drug potentiation

the effect of one drug to increase the effects of another

Drugs and Adolescence

Drug use prevalence and incidence increase every year from age 10 to age 25 and then decreases

• substance use before age 18 is strong indicatory of later abuse

• Adolescent drug use varies from place to place and by gender

• Teen abuse often occurs with other unhealthy behaviors

• Adult unawareness can be problematic

Alcohol use and abuse

alcohol is a depressant that slows the functioning of the central nervous system

• Blood Alcohol Level 0.08 grams per 100 milliliters of blood considered legal intoxication in most US states

• Death may occur at BAL of 0.35% of more

Prevalence of Alocohol Use

2015: 59.4% of college students (ages 18 to 22) are current drinkers, with 39% reporting binge drinking in the past month

Psychosocial Consequences of Alcohol

Behavioral Disinhibition: False sense of confidence and freedom from social restraints that result from alchol consumption

Alcohol Myopia: Tendency of alcohol to increase concentration of immediate events, reducing awareness of distant events

Alcohol Induced: Cognitive impairment, variety of social problems, behavioral disinhibtion, lower violence threshold

Tobacco Use and Abuse

15.5% of US adults smoke

most prevalent among men and people with less than a high school education

• 1 in 5 US deaths

• reduced life expectancy

• most preventable cause of illness, disability and premature death in much of the world

Marijuana

most popular recreational drug worldwide

• legal in 36 states

• use remains an offense under US federal law

• not as addictive as many other drugs

• THC has effects on brain and behavior

  • alternation in mood, time, perception, impaired thinking

concordance rate

the rate of agreement between a pair of twins for a given trait; a pair of twins is concordant for the trait if both of them have it or if neither has it

nucleus accumbens (NAC)

a brain region that plays a centrol role in pleasure and addiction

gateway drug

a drug that serves as a stepping stone to the use of other, usually more dangerous, drugs

common liability to addiction

model of addiction proposing that the likelihood a person will begin using illegal drug is determined not by the preceding use of other specific legal drugs (gateway hypothesis), but instead by the particular tendencies and environmental circumstances of the drug user

wanting and liking theory

two stage theory of drug addiction. In the first stage, the original good feelings from drug use prevail; in the second stage, drug use becomes an automated behavior.

at- risk drinking

two or more episodes of binge drinking in the past month, or consuming an average of two or more alcoholic drinks per day in the past month

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a cluster of birth defects- including facial abnormalities, and delayed body growth- caused by the pregnant person’s use of alchol during pregnancy

alchol use disorder (AUD)

a maladaptive drinking pattern in which drinking interferes with role obligations

behavioral undercontrol

a general personality syndrome linked to alcohol dependence and characterized by agressiveness, impulsiveness; also called deviance proneness

negative emotionality

state of alchol abuse characterized by depression and anxiety

alchol expectancy effects

effects of an individual beliefs about how alchol affect behavior

aversion therapy

behavioral therpay that pairs an unpleasant stimulus (such as nauseating drug) with an undersirable behavior (such as drinking or smoking) ,causing the patient to avoid the behavior

e-cigarettes (EC)

Battery powered vaporizers that stimulate smoking without burning tobaco

nicotine- titration model

theory that smokes who are physically dependent on nicotine regulate their smoking to maintain a steady level of the drug in their bodies

behavioral activation

a counseling treatemnt that focuses on increasing engagement in valued life activities through guided goal setting

Health Belief Model (HBM)

assumes that decisions about health behaior are based on four interacting factors that influence perceptions about health threats

• Perceived susceptibility to a health threat

• Perceived severity of health threat

• Pervieved benefits of and barriers to the behaviors, and cues to action

Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB)

maintains that the best way to predict whether a health behavior will occur is to measure people’s behavioral intention, which is shaped by:

• personal attitude toward behavior

• subjective norm regarding the behavior

• percieved degree of control over the behavior

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

proposes that people pass through five nonlinear stages in altering health behaviors: Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance

Health Action Process Aproach (HAPA)

Specifies Two stages

• Motivational phase (goal- setting)

• Volitional phase (goal- pursuit)

Primary Prevention

Health enhacing efforts to prevent disease or injury from occurring. Ex: seatbelts, exercising, avoiding smoking

Secondary prevention

actions taken to identifty and treat an illness or diability early in its occurrence: ex: monitoring symptoms, taking medications, dietary changes

Tertiary prevention

actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyonf its early stages Ex: radiation therapy, chemotherapy, most common form of health care

Compressing Morbidity

health psychologists work to shorten the time people spend in morbidity

Gain- framed message

effective in prevention behavior promotion, health message that focuses on attaining positive outcomes or avoiding undersirable ones by adapting a health- promoting behavior

Loss- framed message

effective in illness detection promotion, a health message that focuses on a negative outcome from failing to perform a health- promoting behavior

Cognitive behavioral intervention

focus on the condition that elicit health behaviors and factors that help to maintain and reinforce them

• self- monitoring

• discriminative stimuli: environmental signals that certain behaviors will be followed by reinforcement

• relapse prevention

Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy

• Stimulus control

• Self control

• Adding aerobic exercise

• Contingency contracts

• Social Support

Food Security

12.7% of US household experienced food insecurity at some point

• near or below poverty level

• Single-parent households

• black and hispanic households

Anorexia Nervosa

eating disorder characterized by self- starvation, distored body image and in females - Amenorrhea

Bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by cycle of binge eating followed by purging through such techniques as vomiting or laxative abuse

Binge Eating disorder

eating disorder which a person frequently consumes unusually large amounts of food

Eating disorder prevalence

20 million women, 10 million men in US

• age 12 to 13; college women and athletes at risk

• Anorexia and bulimia: 3 out of 4 females

What is pain

our total experience in reacting to a damaging event including

• physical mechanism by which the bodu reacts

• our subjective, emotioal response (suffering)

• our observable actions (pain behavior)

Clinical Pain

pain that requires some form of medical treatment

prevalence in pain

chronic pain affects more than one third of all people worldwide everyday,

most common reason people seek medical treatment

Chronic Pain

become even more sensitive to pain over time (hyperalgesia) , lasts six months or longer; people who have chronic pain may become more sensitive to pain over time (hyperalgesia)

Hyperalgesia

Opioid-induced, long term potentiation - condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensitive to pain over time

measuring pain

no objective measures, bc pain is subjective nature - researchers rely on behavioral measures, visual and numerical rating scales and pain inventory to measure pain

Electromyography (EMG)

assess the amount of muscle tention that pain sufferes experience

Autunomic arousal

using measures of heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, etc. to measure pain

Nociceptors

pain usually starts with this - free nerve endings located in the skin and other tissues - activated. these sensory neurons detect and respond to harmful or potentially damaging stimuli

Pain pathways

pain process begins when neural signals from free nerve endings are routed to CNS

• via three never fiber types: A delta, c fibers, A beta

A- delta fibers

large, myelinated - signal fast, acute pain

C fibers

Small, unmyelinated - singal slow, burning pain

A- Beta fibers

large, myelinated - inhibition of pain

Substantia Gelatinosa

dorsal region of the spinal cord where both fast and slow pain fibers synapse with sensory nerves on their way to the brain

Substance P

neurotransmitter secreted by pain fibers in the spinal cord that stimulates the transmission cells to send pain signales to the brain

Enkephalins

Endogenous (naturally occurring) opiods found in nerve endings of cells in the brain and spinal cord that bind to opiod receptors

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

region of the midbrain that plays an important role in the perception of pain, electrical stimulation in this region activates a descending neural pathways that produces analgesia by “closing the apin gate”

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)

front part of the cingulate cortex, which resembles a collar in surrounding the corpus callosum and plays a role in pain processing and may self-regulating functions

Endogenous opiate peptides

opiatelike substances naturally produced by the body

Stress induced analgesia (SIA)

stress related increase in tolerance to pain, presumably mediated by the body’s endorphin system

Phantom Limb Pain

following amputation of a limb, false pain sensations that appeat to originate in the missing limb

• cramping, shooting, burning, crushing

• Underlying mechanism remains a mystery

Transcutaneos Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

counterirritation form of analegesia involving electrically stimulating spinal nerves near a painful area

belief in ability to succeed

self- efficacy

affects 1 in 10 adults

insomnia

newborn sleep duration vs adulta

newborns: 15 - 17 hours (one to three hour segments)

Adults: 6.8 hours weekdays, 7.4 on weekends

increased risk of heart disease

cardiovascular disease

Therapy without medication for Insomina

CBT - I )cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia)

• treatment is individually tailored: relaxation training, sleep restricitions

Osteoprosis

when muscles becomes weak, fragile

Metabolic syndrome

Cluster of metabolic conditions

Limbic system

Emotion system develops first

motor vehicle accidents

most common deaths in youths

Minoritized women

least active subgroups

Injury Control

Americans died from in ijuries, most often to motor- vehicles crashes, poisoning, firearms and falling

Leading cause of death in adulthood 1st and 2nd

Motor-vehicle crashes , falling

Basal metabolic Rate (BMR)

Includes about 50% to 70% of total energy your body burns for dunctioning of cells and vital organs, 7% to 10% fro breaking down food, reamining percentage is resdult of everday

Metabolic Syndrome

cluster of conditions that include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar level, abdominal obesity

• occur together and increase a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes

• Closely linked obesity, lack of physical acticity, insulin resistance

Sleep

Short sleep duation: sleeping less than 7 hours each night

Sleep Disorder: any problem with sleeping

Circadian Rhythm: 24 hours cycle of night and day, internal biological clock, gender and age differences

Narcolepsy vs Sleep Apena

Narcolepsy: sleep attacks, abnormal REM sleep; trigger gene: deficiency in hypothalamus cells that produce hypocretin

Sleep Apena: temporary cessation of breathing, higher risk with hgiher BMI, most common is obstructive sleep apnea, some help from CPAP