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Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
Cells
The smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.
Ecosystem
All of the living and nonliving things in an area.
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells that lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells that contain a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles.
Classification Groups
Hierarchical categories used to organize living organisms.
Covalent Bond
A type of bond where electrons are shared between atoms.
Ionic Bond
A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
Hydrogen Bond
A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom, typically oxygen or nitrogen.
Acidic Solution
A solution with a higher concentration of H⁺ ions than OH⁻ ions.
Cations
Positively charged ions that have lost electrons.
Anions
Negatively charged ions that have gained electrons.
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store and transmit genetic information.
Glycolysis
The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.
Cellular Respiration
The process of breaking down glucose to generate ATP.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Cholesterol
A type of lipid that helps maintain membrane fluidity in cell membranes.
Protein synthesis
The process by which cells generate new proteins.
Ribosome
Molecular machines that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
Mitochondria
Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, producing ATP.
Nucleus
The organelle that contains the cell's genetic information.
Thylakoid membranes
Structures in chloroplasts where the light reactions of photosynthesis take place.
Stroma
The fluid-filled space surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.
Electron Transport Chain
A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons and generate ATP.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
The primary energy carrier in living organisms.
Peptidoglycan
A polymer that makes up the cell wall of many bacteria.
Eukaryotes
Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes
Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Endosymbiosis
The evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms.
Gram-negative Bacteria
Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
Gram-positive Bacteria
Bacteria that have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane.
Photosystem
A protein and pigment complex in chloroplasts that captures light energy.
Light Reactions
The first stage of photosynthesis that captures light energy.
Calvin Cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis that synthesizes glucose.
Stomata
Small openings on leaf surfaces that allow gas exchange.
Waxy Cuticle
A protective layer covering plant leaves that reduces water loss.
Amniotic Egg
An egg that contains a protective membrane and fluid, allowing for development outside of water.
Tetrapods
Vertebrates with four limbs.
Notochord
A flexible rod-like structure that is present in all chordate embryos.
Pharyngeal Slits
Openings in the pharynx that are present in the embryos of all chordates.
Craniates
Members of the subphylum that have a skull.
Vertebrates
Animals with a backbone.
Cnidarians
Radially symmetrical animals that include jellyfish and corals.
Choanocytes
Flagellated cells in sponges that help to create water flow.
Karyogamy
The fusion of two nuclei, typically in sexual reproduction of fungi.
Plasmogamy
The fusion of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia.
Muscle Tissue
Tissue made of cells that can contract to produce movement.
Nerve Tissue
Tissue made of cells that transmit impulses throughout the body.
Connective Tissue
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues together.
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Organ
A group of similar tissues performing a specific function.
Organ System
A group of organs working together to perform a complex function.
Community
All the populations of different species living in a specific area.
Biosphere
The zone of life on Earth, encompassing all living organisms and their environments.
Tissue
A group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.
Organelles
Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.
Ecosystem
A community and its nonliving surroundings.
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of life.
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
Compound
A substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
Atom
The smallest unit of matter that retains the chemical properties of an element.
Hydrogen bond
A type of weak chemical bond formed when a partially positive hydrogen atom is attracted to another electronegative atom.
pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
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