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 Question 1
Homeostasis is:

• A. change over time.

• B. the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.

• C. the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.

• D. all of the processes involved in energy transformation.

Question 2
Match the description with its correct level of organization.

1. tissues

2. population

3. cells

4. ecosystem

• ___ Bone is an example of a tissue composed of bone ______.

• ___ All of the chickens on a farm would be considered a(n) ______.

• ___ An organ, such as the liver, is composed of _______.

• ___ All of the living and nonliving things in an area is a(n) _______.

Question 3
Which of the following attributes is common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?  SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

• membrane-enclosed organelles

• generally about the same size

• a cell membrane

• the use of DNA as the information storage molecule

• living cells

• a membrane-enclosed nucleus

Question 4
Place the following classification groups from smallest (includes less) to largest (includes more):

• __ Genus

• __ Kingdom

• __ Domain

• __ Order

Question 5
Put the following examples of scientific method steps in the correct order:

• __ Make two groups of people, one group will receive drug X, the other group will receive a placebo. Blood pressure will be measured and recorded 20 minutes after drug administration.

• __ Blood pressure is measured and analyzed. Neither group showed change in blood pressure, therefore hypothesis is rejected.

• __ Drug X lowers blood pressure in rats.

• __ If drug X lowers blood pressure in rats which are mammals, then drug X will lower blood pressure in humans who are also mammals.

Question 6
Which of the following elements make up approx. 96% of living matter? SELECT 4 THAT APPLY

• Carbon

• Oxygen

• Hydrogen

• Phosphorus

• Nitrogen

• Sodium

Question 7
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _______.
Answer: ___________

Question 8
What is true about an atom that has 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

• It is an atom of Carbon.

• It is an atom of Oxygen.

• It has 2 electron shells.

• It has a valence of 2.

• It will need 2 electrons to be stable.

• It will share 4 valence electrons.

• Mass number is 6.

• Atomic number is 6.

Question 9
What results from an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?

• A. a hydrophobic interaction

• B. a polar covalent bond

• C. an ionic bond

• D. a hydrogen bond

• E. a nonpolar covalent bond

Question 10
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does a Magnesium (Mg) atom have?

Number of protons = ______
Number of electrons = ______
Number of neutrons = ______

As an atom, is it neutral? Yes or No: ______
As an atom, is it stable? Yes or No: ______

To gain stability, this atom will (write correct letter choice only):
a. lose 2 electrons and become ______
b. lose 2 electrons and become ______
c. gain 2 electrons and become ______
d. gain 2 electrons and become ______

Question 11
Put the following bonds in order from strongest to weakest.

• __ Covalent

• __ Van der Waals

• __ Ionic

• __ Hydrogen

Question 12
Use the word bank below to complete the following statement:

Word Bank: negative, electrons, neutrons, anions, positive, protons, cations

Cations are __________ ions because they have more __________ than __________.
They will therefore be attracted to other __________.

Question 13
Match each description to the correct property:

1. Ability to moderate temperature

2. Expansion upon freezing

3. Cohesion and adhesion

4. Versatility as a solvent

• __ Because of its polarity, water is able to form hydration shells around many different solutes.

• __ Hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered" and spread apart, keeping water molecules at a distance.

• __ Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature.

• __ Hydrogen bonds can hold water molecules together or to other substances.

Question 14
The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because:

• A. the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms.

• B. one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom.

• C. the oxygen atom acquires an additional electron.

• D. the oxygen atom forms hybrid orbitals that distribute electrons unequally around the oxygen nucleus.

• E. the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus.

Question 15
One mole of glucose is both 180g of glucose and 6.023 x 10²³ molecules of glucose.

• True

• False

Question 16
What is true about an acidic solution? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

• It can have a pH of 2.

• It removes H⁺ ions from the solution.

• It can have 0.002 H⁺ / mole.

• It has more H⁺ than OH⁻ ions.

Question 17
Choose the correct terms to complete the following statement:
A hydrophilic molecule _____ water and is therefore _______ in water.

• A. likes; soluble

• B. dislikes; insoluble

• C. dislikes; soluble

• D. likes; insoluble

Question 1
Use the word bank below to complete the following statement. Write the words as they are in the word bank.

Word Bank:
volume, surface area, mass, large, small, faster, slower

Cells remain __________ because a larger __________ to __________ ratio makes for a __________ acquisition of nutrients and waste.

Question 2
In the figure below, which red blood cell is in a hypertonic solution?

A) ☐ B) ☐ C) ☐

Question 3
Match the cell organelle/structure with the best scenario:

1. Mitochondria

2. Nucleus

3. Peroxisomes

4. Tight junctions

A deficiency of this cell structure ends up in an accumulation of a very toxic chemical, which leads to serious growth and development delays.
Damage to this cell structure leads to extreme early aging and inhibition of bone, hair and skin growth.
__ Damage to this cell structure leads to muscle weakness and fatigue, which can result in organ failure and brain dysfunction.
__ Deficiency of this cell structure leads to a form of eczema caused by an overstimulated immune system exposed to numerous pathogens and antigens leaking in through the skin.

Question 4
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved:

☐ Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell–the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
☐ An endosymbiotic fungal cell evolved into the nucleus.
☐ Acquisition of an endomembrane system, and subsequent evolution of mitochondria from a portion of the Golgi.
☐ Anaerobic archaea taking up residence inside a larger bacterial host cell to escape toxic oxygen–the anaerobic bacterium evolved into chloroplasts.

Question 5
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to:

☐ Separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
☐ Determine the size of various organelles.
☐ Separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules.
☐ View the structure of cell membranes.
☐ Sort cells based on their size and weight.

Question 6
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

☐ Lysosome
☐ Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
☐ Contractile vacuole
☐ Ribosome
☐ Mitochondrion

Question 7
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing:

☐ Glycogen
☐ Proteins
☐ Lipids
☐ Cellulose
☐ Nucleic acids

Question 8
Select ALL that are true about microtubules:

☐ Actin protein subunits
☐ Hollow tube
☐ Cell shape maintenance by compression resistance
☐ Muscle contraction
☐ Chromosome movement
☐ Thinnest of the cytoskeleton fibers

Question 9
Put the following cell organelle/structures in the correct order a protein would take starting from its production to its exocytosis:

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
RER vesicle
__ Cis face Golgi bodies
__ Trans face Golgi bodies
__ Golgi bodies vesicle
__ Cell membrane

Question 10
The structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in hydrogen bonding is the:

☐ Primary
☐ Secondary
☐ Tertiary
☐ Quaternary
☐ All structural levels are equally affected

Question 11
(Refer to Figure 5.8)
Which molecule is a saturated fatty acid?

☐ 1 ☐ 5 ☐ 8 ☐ 9 ☐ 6

Question 12
Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

☐ The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
☐ They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.
☐ The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.
☐ They are hydrophilic.
☐ They are lighter than water.

Question 13
What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure?

☐ Hydroxyl
☐ Carbonyl
☐ Ketone
☐ Carboxyl
☐ Aldehyde

Question 14
In the figure below, which arrow illustrates simple diffusion?

☐ A ☐ B ☐ C ☐ D

Question 15
Use the word bank below to complete the following statements. (Use the words as they are written in the word bank)

Word Bank:
solid, mosaic, single layer, bilayer, towards, away, heads, tails, fluid, bodies

The Cell Membrane is a __________ __________ made up of a phospholipid __________.
The hydrophilic __________ of the phospholipids are oriented __________ the ECF and cytosol.
The hydrophobic __________ are oriented __________ from them.

Question 16
The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals:

☐ Makes the animal more susceptible to circulatory disorders
☐ Enables the animal to add hydrogen atoms to unsaturated phospholipids
☐ Makes the membrane less flexible, allowing it to sustain greater pressure from within the cell
☐ Enables the animal to remove hydrogen atoms from saturated phospholipids
☐ Enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops

Question 17
Which properties must a substance have in order to pass through a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

☐ a) The temperature must be high enough to increase the speed of the substance
☐ b) It must be polar and ionic
☐ c) It must be small and/or lipophilic
☐ d) It must be able to change shape to pass between the lipid molecules of the membrane

Question 18
The primary function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes is:

☐ To maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures
☐ To facilitate diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradients
☐ To mediate cell-to-cell recognition
☐ To maintain the integrity of a fluid mosaic membrane
☐ To actively transport molecules against their concentration gradients

Question 19
Integral proteins are:

☐ a) Embedded in the cell membrane
☐ b) All of these
☐ c) Mostly for structure and support of the cell
☐ d) Found attached to the surface of the cell membrane

Question 20
Select ALL that apply. Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion?

☐ Increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient
☐ Increasing the number of carrier proteins
☐ Increasing the amount of ATP available
☐ Decreasing the concentration of solutes

Question 1
Use the word bank below to complete the following 3 statements. Make sure to use the words exactly as written in the word bank.

Word Bank:
reduced, oxidized, protons, electrons, neutrons, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, reduce, oxidize

1. In redox reactions, __________________________ (and associated H⁺ ions) are transferred from one compound or element to another.

2. If one compound or element "loses" electrons and becomes __________________________, another must "gain" electrons and become __________________________.

3. For example, in __________________________, water becomes __________________________ (to O₂) and the electrons (and associated H⁺ ions) it loses in the process __________________________ CO₂ to glucose.

Question 2
Use the word bank below to complete the following 4 statements.

Word Bank:
used, produced, n/a, used and produced

1. Glucose is __________________________ in glycolysis.

2. FADH₂ is __________________________ in the Krebs's cycle.

3. ATP is __________________________ in oxidative phosphorylation.

4. NADH is __________________________ in glycolysis.

Question 3
The purpose of the first step of glycolysis, converting glucose into glucose 6-phosphate, is to:

☐ release energy for photosynthesis.
☐ all of these.
☐ trap and energize glucose.
☐ store excess glucose in blood.

Question 4
Match the following descriptions to the correct process by writing the number of the best answer.

1. Cellular Respiration only

2. Photosynthesis only

3. None of these

4. Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

Question 5
Put the following photosynthetic steps in order from start to finish (1 = first, 4 = last):

☐ Photosystem II
☐ Electron Transport Chain that makes ATP
☐ Photosystem I
☐ Electron Transport Chain that makes NADPH

Order:

Question 6
Select ALL that apply to the following reaction:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

☐ The reaction is anabolic.
☐ The ΔG is negative.
☐ The reaction is nonspontaneous.
☐ The reaction is exergonic.

Question 7
Match the cellular respiration stage with its correct cellular location:

1. inner mitochondrial membrane

2. cytosol

3. mitochondrial matrix

Question 8
Match the photosynthetic stage with its correct cellular location:

1. thylakoid membranes

2. stroma

Question 9
Select ALL that apply regarding ATP:

☐ It is Adenosine Triphosphate.
☐ It couples an exergonic reaction to an endergonic reaction.
☐ The hydrolysis of ATP is an endergonic reaction.
☐ It is a form of long-term energy storage for cells.

Question 10
Which of the following terms best describes the forward reaction shown below?

(Figure not shown — refer to class materials if needed)

☐ exergonic; ΔG > 0
☐ endergonic; ΔG > 0
☐ endergonic; ΔG < 0
☐ exergonic; ΔG < 0

Question 1 – Match the descriptions below with the correct phage replicative cycle. Write “1” for Lysogenic and “2” for Lytic.

1. Viral DNA integrates into host chromosome. __ __

2. Virulent phage. __ __

3. Viral DNA is replicated with host cell reproduction. __ __

4. Host cell lysis. __ __

5. Lysogenic

6. Lytic

Question 2 – In the evolution of eukaryotes, which theory explains the appearance of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

☐ spontaneous generation
☐ endosymbiosis
☐ adaptive radiation
☐ membrane infolding

Question 3 – Compared to Gram-positive bacteria, what is TRUE about Gram-negative bacteria?

☐ They have multiple flagella.
☐ They are easier to get rid of.
☐ They have an extra layer in their cell wall.
☐ They have more peptidoglycan.

Question 4 – Order the following bacterial layers from outermost to innermost. Write “1” for outermost, “3” for innermost.

__ __ Capsule
__ __ Cell wall
__ __ Cell membrane

Question 5 – Select ALL that are true about protists.

☐ Mostly land organisms
☐ Eukaryotes
☐ Single-celled only
☐ First to have sexual reproduction

Question 6 – What is NOT an evolutionary advantage of seeds over spores?

☐ Seeds require less energy to produce.
☐ Seeds may be transported longer distances.
☐ Seeds have a supply of stored food.
☐ Seeds can remain dormant for longer.

Question 7 – What feature is unique to angiosperms and helps account for their large success?

☐ Sperm cells without flagella
☐ Embryos within seeds
☐ Wind pollination
☐ Fruits enclosing seeds

Question 8 – Which of the following adaptations do we first see with the land plants? Select ALL that apply.

☐ Waxy cuticle
☐ Fertilization
☐ Photosynthesis
☐ Stomata
☐ Cellulose

Question 9 – Put the following land‐plant adaptations in order from oldest (1) to newest (4).

__ __ Dependent embryos
__ __ Vascular tissue
__ __ Double fertilization
__ __ Seeds

 Question 10 – What is the apical meristem of plants for?

☐ For increased absorption of CO₂.
☐ To increase the number of chloroplasts in roots.
☐ For continual growth of roots & stem.
☐ For decreased absorption of mineral nutrients.

Question 1
In fungi, sexual reproduction begins with:
☐ hyphal fragmentation
☐ karyogamy or production of spores
☐ plasmogamy or fusion of mycelia
☐ budding from diploid parents

Question 2
What does Gnathostome mean?
☐ enclosed seeds
☐ a jawed mouth
☐ a hard skull
☐ lung fish

Question 3
Which of the following is the correct description for a choanocyte?
☐ A poriferan flagellated cell that creates a current to move water through the organism.
☐ A specialized cnidarian cell that discharges a poisoned thread to sting another organism.
☐ A specialized arthropod cell that produces silk threads to build a web.
☐ A choanoflagellate cell that uses pseudopodia to move through the organism.

Question 4
What is NOT a defining trait found in chordate embryos?
☐ a notochord
☐ dorsal nerve cord
☐ pharyngeal slits
☐ gametophytes

Question 5
After the evolution of the vertebral column, what is the correct order of vertebrate innovations as they appear in time?
☐ jaws → lungs → 4 limbs → amniote egg
☐ 4 limbs → lungs → jaws → amniote egg
☐ lungs → 4 limbs → jaws → amniote egg
☐ amniote egg → jaws → lungs → 4 limbs

Question 6
What is NOT a correct way to describe an amphibian?
☐ tetrapod
☐ amniote
☐ craniate
☐ vertebrate

Question 7
Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?
☐ Cnidaria — cnidocytes; polyp & medusa forms
☐ Platyhelminthes — flatworms; acoelomate
☐ Echinodermata — tube feet; coelom present
☐ Porifera — tissues; tentacles

Question 8
Match the following classification names with their correct descriptors. Write the number of the descriptor next to each name.

Classification Names:

• Craniates

• Tetrapods

• Amniotes

• Chordates

• Chondrichthyes

• Vertebrates

Descriptors:

1. To have a skull

2. To have limbs with digits

3. To have an amniotic egg

4. Fish with a cartilaginous skeleton

5. To have a notochord

6. To have vertebrae