AP HUGE Unit 2 Population and Migration Patterns and Processes

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Antinatalist

Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)

Arable land

land suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Asylum

the right to protection in a country

Brain drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Chain migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Circular migration

the temporary and usually repetitive movement of a migrant worker between home and host areas, typically for the purpose of employment

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

a model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human populations

Dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group (under age 15 or age 65 and older) divided by the number of people in the working-age group (ages 15 to 64), multiplied by 100

Dispersed

scattered, spread, broken up

Doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

Fertility

the ability to reproduce

Forced migration

type of migration in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, environmental, or cultural factors

Friction of distance

A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

Gravity Model

a model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation

Guest workers

a migrant who travels to a new country as temporary labor

Human migration

the permanent movement of people from one place to another

Human trafficking

defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

Internally displaced persons

person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders

Interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

Intervening obstacle

an occurence that holds migrants back

Intervening opportunity

an occurrence that causes migrants to pause their journey by choice

Intraregional migration

movement within one region

Kinship links

networks of relatives and friends

Land degradation

long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life

Landforms

the natural features of the land's surface

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Mobility

All types of movement between location

Mortality

death rate

Neo-Malthusian

describing the theory related to the idea that population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources

Net migration

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.

Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Population density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Population distribution

where people live in a geographical area

Population pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Pronatalist

Policies that encourage people to have children

Pull factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

Push factor

A factor that induces people to move out of their present location

Quotas

Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year

Rate of natural increase (RNI)

rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

Refugees

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Relocation diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another

Remittances

money migrant send back to family and friends in their home coutnries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer coutnries

Repatriate

to return to one's country of origin

Sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

Skills gap

A shortage of people trained in a particular industry

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Temperate climate

a climate with moderate temperatures and adequate precipitation amounts

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Transhumance

The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in the winter, and highland areas in the summer.

Transnational migration

international migration in which people retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties with their countries of origin

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Voluntary migration

Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area