APUSH Period 5 Chapters 16-21

George Pickett

________;; (1825- 1875) Confederate general who led the bold but ill- fated charge against Union forces at Gettysburg.

Franklin Pierce

________;; (1804- 1869) Pro- southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion.

Caleb Cushing

________;; (1800- 1879) Massachusetts- born congressman and diplomat who "opened "China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844.

Clayton Bulwer Treaty

________;; Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway.

George G Meade

________;; (1815- 1872) Union general who led the Army of the Potomac to victory against Lee's forces at Gettysburg.

1864

In ________, McClellan ran against Lincoln as the Democratic nominee campaigning against emancipation and the harsh treatment of the South while repudiating the antiwar stance of the Copperheads.

Clara Barton

________;; (1821- 1912) Massachusetts- born teacher and philanthropist who served as a nurse with the Union army during the Civil War.

Carpetbaggers Pejorative

________ used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came up to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

Pierce

________ emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas- Nebraska Act.

Dominion of Canada

________;; Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

David Wilmot

________;; (1814- 1868) Pennsylvania congressman best known for his "Wilmot Proviso, "a failed amendment that would have prohibited slavery from any of the territories acquired from Mexico.

Elizabeth Blackwell

________;; (1821- 1910) America's first female physician, Blackwell helped organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War to aid the Union war effort by training nurses, collecting medical supplies, and equipping hospitals.

Fugitive Slave Law

________;; Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways.

Colfax Massacre

________;; On Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, a posse of white Democrats overpowered local militia and attacked the Grant Parish courthouse in Colfax, Louisiana, killing about 150 freedmen.

George B McClellan

________;; (1826- 1885) Union general in command of the Army of the Potomac from 1851 to 1862, McClellan led the failed Peninsula Campaign in 1861 and later fought Lee to a virtual stalemate at Antietam.

Tenure of Office Act

In 1868, Johnson removed Stanton in violation of the 1867 ________, giving pretense for radical Republicans in the House to impeach him.

Sumner

________ is best known for the caning he received at the hands of Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856.

Clement L Vallandigham

________;; (1820- 1871) Democratic congressman from Ohio who led the Copperhead faction of the party in opposition to the Civil War.

Charles Sumner

________;; (1811- 1874) Massachusetts senator and abolitionist, Sumner opposed the extension of slavery, speaking out passionately on the civil war in Kansas.

Edwin M Stanton

________;; (1814- 1869) Secretary of war under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, Stanton advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-compromise tariff of 1833 rates.

Caroline

Diplomatic row between the United States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.

Creole

American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-nineteenth-century expansionism.

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

Slogan adopted by mid-nineteenth century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly held by Britain and the United States. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54° 40', he settled on the forty-ninth parallel as a compromise with the British.

Liberty Party

Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.

Walker Tariff

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels, thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts.

spot resolutions

Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.

California Bear Flag Republic

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Buena Vista

Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.

Conscience Whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only server to buttress the southern "slave power".

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

John Tyler

(1790-1862) Tenth president of the United States. A Whig in name only, Tyler opposed central tenets of the Whig platform, including tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.

James K. Polk

(1795-1849) Eleventh president of the United States. A North Carolina Democrat, largely unknown on the national stage, Polk campaigned on a platform of American expansion, advocating the annexation of Texas and the "reoccupation" of Oregon. As president, Polk provoked war with Mexico, which added vast tracts of land to the United States but led to a bitter sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories.

Stephen W. Kearny

(1794-1848) American officer during the Mexican War who led a detachment of troops into New Mexico and captured Santa Fe.

John C. Fremont

(1813-1890) Explorer who helped overthrow the Mexican government in California after the outbreak of war with Mexico. He later ran for president as the Republican nominee in 1856 but lost the election to Democratic candidate James Buchanan.

Winfield Scott

(1789-1866) Military officer and presidential candidate, Scott first made a name for himself as a hero of the War of 1812. During the war with Mexico, he led the American campaign against Mexico City, overcoming tremendous handicaps to lead his men to victory. He later made an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1852 as the Whig candidate.

Nicholas P. Trist

(1800-1874) American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, which ended the Mexican War and through which the United States acquired a vast amount of territory from Mexico.

David Wilmot

(1814-1868) Pennsylvania congressman best known for his "Wilmot Proviso," a failed amendment that would have prohibited slavery from any of the territories acquired from Mexico. He later went on to help organize the Free Soil and Republican parties, supporting Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

fire-eaters

Southern nationalists characterized by unapologetic defenses of the South and slavery. Their radicalism and political brinksmanship won them attention and popularity among white Southerners.

popular sovereignty

Notion advanced before the Civil War that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by northern abolitionists, who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Free Soil party

Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

California gold rush

Inflow of thousands of miners to northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 had spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Seventh of March speech

Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging the North to support of the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

Fugitive Slave Law

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by Great Britain and the United States, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, which gave the United States control of the Panama Canal.

Ostend Manifesto

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

Opium War

War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to seek similar concessions from the Chinese.

Treaty of Wanghia

Signed by the United States and China, it assured the United States the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Ended Japan's two-hundred year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Gadsden Purchase

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Lewis Cass

(1782-1866) War veteran, diplomat, and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election and lost to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should decide for themselves the issue of slavery.

Zachary Taylor

(1784-1850) Military general and twelfth U.S. president, Taylor emerged as a popular war hero after defeating Santa Anna's forces at Buena Vista in the war with Mexico. As president, Taylor, a Louisiana slave owner, sought to avoid a sectional confrontation over slavery, though he opposed the Compromise of 1850.

Harriet Tubman

(ca. 1820-1913) Famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, Tubman helped rescue more than three hundred slaves from bondage. Born into slavery, she fled to the North in 1849 but returned to the South nineteen times to guide slaves to freedom. After the Civil War, she worked to give freedpeople access to education in North Carolina.

Millard Fillmore

(1800-1874) New York congressman and vice president under Taylor, Fillmore took over the presidency after Taylor's death in 1850. A practical politician, he threw his support behind the Compromise of 1850, ensuring its passage. He was passed over for the Whig nomination in 1852 when the party chose to select the legendary war hero Winfield Scott.

Franklin Pierce

(1804-1869) Pro-southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion. As president, he tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba, a plan he quickly abandoned once it was made public. Pierce emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

William Walker

(1824-1860) Tennessee-born adventurer who made several forays into Central America in the 1850s. After an unsuccessful ploy to take over Baja California in 1853, Walker ventured into Nicaragua, installing himself as president in 1856. His dream of establishing a planter aristocracy in Nicaragua faltered when neighboring Central American nations allied against him. Walker met his fate before a Honduran firing squad in 1860.

Caleb Cushing

(1800-1879) Massachusetts-born congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844.

Matthew C. Perry

(1794-1858) American naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, which ended Japan's two centuries of isolation.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Antislavery tract, written by white southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that nonslaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.

New England Emigrant Aid Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Bleeding Kansas

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.

panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the U.S senate race in Illinois. Douglas won the election, but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination.

Freeport question

Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Freeport Doctrine

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question".

Harpers Ferry

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Crittenden amendments

Failed constitutional amendments that would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty. Proposed in an attempt to appease the South.

Confederate States of America

Government established after seven southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the upper South.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) Connecticut-born abolitionist and author of best-selling 'Uncle Tom's Cabin', a novel that awakened millions of Northerners to the cruelty of slavery.

Henry Ward Beecher

(1813-1887) Preacher, reformer, and abolitionist, Beecher was the son of famed evangelist Lyman Beecher and brother of author Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the 1850s, he helped raise money to support the New England Emigrant Aid Company in its efforts to keep slavery out of Kansas Territory. After the Civil War, Beecher emerged as perhaps the best-known Protestant minister, in part because of his ability to adapt Christianity to fit the times, emphasizing the compatibility of religion, science, and modernity.

James Buchanan

(1791-1868) Fifteenth president of the United States, Buchanan, a Pennsylvania-born Democrat, sympathized with the South and opposed any federal interference with its "peculiar institution." As president, he supported Kansas's Lecompton Constitution and opposed the Homestead Act, antagonizing northern Democrats and hopelessly splitting the Democratic party.

Charles Sumner

(1811-1874) Massachusetts senator and abolitionist, Sumner opposed the extension of slavery, speaking out passionately on the civil war in Kansas. Sumner is best known for the caning he received at the hands of Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856. After his recovery, he returned to the Senate and led the radical Republican coalition against Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction.

Preston S. Brooks

(1819-1857) Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the southern slaveocracy, singling out Brooks's South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.

Dred Scott

(1800-1858) Black slave who sued his master for freedom, triggering the landmark Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection for slavery in the territories. Backed by abolitionists, he based his case on the five years he spent with his master in free-soil Illinois and Wisconsin.

Roger B. Taney

(1777-1864) Chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864, Taney overturned Marshall's strict emphasis on contract rights, ruling in favor of community interest in the famous Charles River Bridge case in 1837. Maryland-born Taney also presided over the landmark Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in the territories.

Stephen A. Douglas

(1813-1861) U.S. senator and Democratic presidential candidate, Douglas played a key role in passing the Compromise of 1850, though he inadvertently reignited sectional tensions in 1854 by proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1858, Douglas famously sparred with Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, defeating Lincoln in the Senate race that year but losing to the Illinois Republican in the presidential election of 1860.

Abraham Lincoln

(1809-1865) Sixteenth president of the United States, he promoted equal rights for African Americans in the famed Lincoln- Douglas debates. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation and set in motion the Civil War, but he was determined to preserve the Union. He was assassinated in 1865.

John Brown

(1800-1859) Radical abolitionist who launched an attack on a federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in an effort to lead slaves in a violent uprising against their owners. Brown, who first took up arms against slavery during the Kansas civil war, was captured shortly after he launched his ill-conceived raid on the armory and was sentenced to hang.

John C. Breckinridge

(1821-1875) Vice president under James Buchanan, Breckinridge ran as the candidate of the southern wing of the Democratic party in 1860 and lost the election to Abraham Lincoln. A Kentucky slave owner, Breckinridge acknowledged the South's right to secede but worked tirelessly to hammer out a compromise in the weeks before Lincoln's inauguration. Once the Civil War began, he served as a Confederate general, briefly serving as Jefferson Davis's secretary of war in 1865.

John Jordan Crittenden

(1787-1863) U.S. senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. Crittenden proposed to amend the Constitution to prohibit slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but to extend federal protection for slavery in territories to the south.

Fort Sumter

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia-that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.

West Virginia

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.

Trent Affair

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.

Alabama

British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

Laird rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

Dominion of Canada

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

writ of habeas corpus

Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

New York draft riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.