psy 350 exam 3

each person's personality is \___________ across situations but may \____________ over the lifespan

stable, change

what is our unique combination of traits?

personality

what are a reflection of a pervasive pattern of inner experience and behavior that is deviant from a person's cultural norms?

personality disorder

individuals with \________________ disorders are extreme on one or more traits and suffer distress or impairment in functioning

personality disorders

what fraction of people that are diagnosed with a personality disorder are diagnosed with a second personality disorder?

2/3

this disorder involves problems "relating to others"

personality disorders

for someone to have a personality disorder, their traits must be expressed...

across MANY situations

personality disorders are often...

controversial

why are personality disorders controversial? (3)

- are these behaviors abnormal or just variants of behavior
- some have overlap with other disorders (OCD and OCPD)
- labels can classify and excuse, but not necessarily explain

what is the most prevalent personality disorder in clinical samples?

borderline personality disorder

what percentage of personality disorders is prevalent in community samples?

1-3%

what does ego dystonic mean?

the individual sees the illness as something thrust upon her that is intrusive and bothersome, NOT part of their identity

what does ego syntonic mean?

the individual perceives her behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with her goals; behavior IS part of ones identity

what is the difference between OCD and OCPD?

OCD is ego dystonic (behavior is not part of identity) while OCPD is ego syntonic (behavior is part of identity)

according to the DSM-5, the presence of \______________ personality traits must occur for someone to have a personality disorder

pathological

according to the DSM-5, to have personality disorder, trait expression must be \__________________________ across time and consistent across situations

relatively stable

what is the personality disorder category criticized for?

lacks SCIENTIFIC RIGOR- functions from Freudian roots

personally disorder were initially attempted to be \_______ from the DSM-5 but there was nothing to \__________ them

dropped, replace

this disorder is characterized be persistent violation of the rights of others and often break the law

antisocial personality disorder

this disorder is characterized by a disregards of social norms

antisocial personality disorder

people with this disorder lack guilt and remorse

antisocial personality disorder

people with this disorder are very good at putting up a facade; may be charming, but very willing to lie

antisocial personality disorder

what percent of men and women have antisocial personality disorder

3-6% of men and 15 of women

according to the DSM-5 criteria; this disorder is characterized when one has a disregard for and violation of the rights of others since the age of 15 and is at least 18 years old

antisocial personality disorder

this disorder refers to a group of behavior and emotional problems characterized by a disregard for others

conduct disorder

what is another name of anti-personality disorder

conduct disorder

antisocial personality disorder is more common in...

lower SES

downward drift hypothesis

persons with severe mental disorders move to impoverished areas; makes it harder to move up classes (associated with APD - antisocial personality disorder)

what group of people is antisocial personality disorder overlooked?

white collar

this disorder is characterized when one avoids relationships due to fear of rejection

avoidant personality disorder

people with this disorder may be interested in social activity but fearful

avoidant personality disorder

this disorder differs from social phobia in that it may not have the disabling level of anxiety, or may be based more on fear of embarrassment

avoidant personality disorder

this disorder is characterized by having rigid ways of relating to others, perfectionist tendencies, lack of spontaneity, excessive attention to detail and order

obsessive compulsive PD

these individuals may have a strong work ethic, but perfectionism may lead to inability to meet deadlines

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

in obsessive compulsive PD, do these people need to have both obsessions and compulsions?

NO

Sheldon from the Big Bang theory has what personality disorder

obsessive compulsive PD

this disorder is characterized by having intense but unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, unrealistic self-image, emotional volatility, self-destructive behavior

borderline personality disorder

this is a very widely diagnosed disorder in clinical samples

borderline personality disorder

why is borderline personality disorder controversial?

it has loose diagnostic criteria, possible overdiagnosis!!!!

this disorder is characterized by inflated self-image and demands for attention and admiration

narcissistic PD

these individual feel like they have special qualities and expect others to notice them

narcissistic PD

these individuals tend to have high esteem but may lead to difficulty in relationships and problems dealing with lack of recognition if image is not warranted

narcissistic PD

people with narcissistic PS have difficulty taking \_________________

criticism

this disorder is characterized by difficulty forming relationships; eccentric thought or behavior, but below threshold for schizophrenia

schizotypal PD

these individuals have magical thinking such as a sixth sense, speech filled with odd meaning, and social inappropriate emotional response

schizotypal PD

what three personality traits are often found together?

narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy

narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy are three traits that consist of the.....

Dark Triad

narcissism is correlated with \_______________

higher salaries

\___________________ is correlated with higher salaries

narcissism

what does machiavellianism mean?

manipulative and unprincipal

machiavellianism is correlated with \________________________

positions of leadership

\__________________________ is correlated with positions of leadership

machiavellianism

lacking empathy, often aggressive

psychopathy

Hans Kohut, Otto Kernberg, and Margaret Mahler were all psychologists under the \_______________________ perspective

psychodynamic

this psychodynamic perspective says that following childhood period of healthy narcissism, adults mount a faces of narcissism to cover feelings of inadequacy

(Hans) Kohut's Self Psychology

this psychodynamic perspective says that borderline PD reflects a splitting of the self early failure to develop a holistic self

(Otto) Kernberg

this psychodynamic perspective says that after early symbiotic relationship with mothers, process of separation-individuation fails, leading to borderline PD

Margaret Mahler

what is the theory that focuses on the psychological process of individualizing one-self (Mahler)

separation-individuation

this perspective focuses on childhood reinforcement of negative behaviors

cognitive-learning perspective

according to the cognitive learning perspective, excessive parenting style during childhood may lead to \____________, excessive restriction may lead to \_______________

OCPD, avoidant PD

\_______________________ may develop if a child fails to see other people (social interactions) as reinforcers

antisocial PD

what are the two cognitive learning therapies?

problem solving therapy and dialectical-behavior therapy

this cognitive learning therapy trains anti-social adolescents to view negative social interactions as problems to be solved rather than threats to manhood

problem-solving therapy

this cognitive-learning therapy analyzes behaviors and responses, and explores what might have been done better; attempts to synthesize thoughts and ideal actions to come to a middle ground of more adaptive behavior

dialectical-behavior therapy

under the biological perspective, many personality traits have a \_____________ basis

genetic (according to twin adoption studies)

the biological lack of emotional response in antisocial PD (biological perspective) is seen in ......

low epinephrine levels leading to lack of anxiety

is there a lot known about changing the biological basis of PDs?

NO

\________________ may be used to remove anxiety symptoms caused by PDs

antidepressents

this perspective looks at how different society's cultures will reinforce or punish certain personality traits

sociocultural perspective

this perspective sees that PDs may be excessive versions of socially reinforced characteristics

sociocultural perspective

treatment for PDs in the sociocultural perspective will try to moderate expression of characteristics relative to \___________________________________________________

expectations of local culture

this is a category of disorders in which there is a splitting of personality, memory, or consciousness

dissociative disorders

what is a dissociative disorder in which a person's body is occupied by two or more distinct personalities (alters)

dissociative identity disorder

whats another term for distinct personalities

alters

in dissociative identity disorder, these individuals often meet or nearly meet criteria for \___________________ personality disorder

borderline

DSM-II- \____________________________
DSM-III- \__________________________
DSM-5- dissociative identity disorder

hysterical dissociative disorder, multiple personality disorder

there is usually a \____________________ host or a contest for control among dominant personalities for dissociative identity disorders

dominant

what are mutually amnestic personalites?

personalities that are not aware of each other

what are mutually cognizant personalities?

personalities that are aware of each other

what are one way amnestic personalities?

one personality is aware of the other but not the other way around

the sub-personalities that are aware of each other are called

co-subconscious sub-personalities

what does malingering mean?

faking mental illness

the vast majority of dissociative identity disorder is found in ...

the US

what is the importance of Sybil?

the case set the major theme that MPD was caused by childhood sexual abuse; tapes of therapy suggests Sybil had no MPD symptoms until she started therapy, and that her doctor coached her to pretend and imagine alters within therapy, via hypnosis and sodium pentothol, Hillside Strangler was diagnosed MPD, but tapes revealed psychiatrist suggested the alter "Steve" during hypnosis

the ego is trying to escape from traumatic experiences and alters are defense mechanisms to isolate trauma to one identity and protect others is apart of what theory

psychodynamic

traumatic events trigger underlying vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities may include suggestibility, proneness to fantasy, and borderline tendencies is apart of what theory

diathesis-stress model

according to the learning perspective, DID is an extreme example of \_________________________________________________

state-dependent learning

according to the \___________________ perspective, DID is an example of state-dependent learning

learning

what is self-hypnosis?

the process of hypnotizing oneself, sometimes for the purpose of forgetting unpleasant events

what does iatrogenic mean?

relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment

what is an example of an iatrogenic behavioral syndrome?

MPD

treatments for MPD are usually rooted in \_____________________________________________

intensive talk therapy but can also be hypnosis (other suggestion techniques)

what is the goal of intensive talk therapy in regards to MPD?

to integrate the multiples into one main host personality disorder

this disorder is memory loss for past event with no identifiable organic origin

dissociative amnesia

dissociative amnesia typically affects \_______________ memory, not \_____________________

episodic, procedural

amnesia surrounding a specific event

localized

amnesia where only selected disturbing details are lost

selective

amnesia with loss of entire life history

generalized

amnesia of loss from an event until the present

continuous

amnesia tied to specific domains, ex: family

systematized