10th Grade Final Exam Review

For Neshaminy High School 10th grade English classes.

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character

types of tone

Formal, Informal, Optimistic, Pessimistic, Joyful, Sad, Sincere, Hypocritical, Fearful, Hopeful, Humorous, Serious

compare and contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

main idea

The author's central thought; the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic sentence of a paragraph.

author's purpose

The reason the author has for writing. ( Inform, persuade, express, & entertain)

Anecdotes

a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

Alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

figurative language

Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.

Types of figurative language

simile, metaphor, extended metaphor, idiom, personification, imagery, symbolism, and hyperbole

Personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

Hyperbole

exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.

Irony

the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

context clues

Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word

Climax

Most exciting moment of the story; turning point

Resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

rising action

Events leading up to the climax

falling action

Events after the climax, leading to the resolution

Exposition

Background information presented in a literary work.

Characterization

A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.

Imagery

Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)

Mood

How the reader feels about the text while reading.

Point of View (POV)

the perspective from which a story is told

Types of POV

• First person

• Third person objective

• Third person limited omniscient

• Third person omniscient

first person point of view

Told from the viewpoint of one of the characters using the pronouns "I" and We"

First person limited point of view

The author has us see the world from the narrator's perspective.

• We only get the thoughts of the narrator

• The author uses “I” “me”…

second person point of view

The narrator tells the story using the pronouns "You", "Your," and "Yours" to address a reader or listener directly

Foreshadowing

A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.

Literary Device

Tool used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the text (e.g., dialogue, alliteration).

Dialogue

Conversation between two or more characters

Types of irony

• Verbal

• Situational

• Dramatic

Poem structure

How the words are arranged for a poem Are there stanzas, are lines the same length. Look at the punctuation. Think about the logic of the poem. You are looking to understand meaning.

contrast

The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered together.

rhythm in poetry

Patterns of beats (or stresses) in spoken language

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

Sarcasm

harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule

Theme

Central idea of a work of literature

Juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts

Onomatopoeia

A word that imitates the sound it represents.

rhyme scheme

the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.

biography

story of a person's life written by another person

autobiography

An account of a person's life written by that person

fiction

a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact

Nonfiction

prose writing that is based on facts, real events, and real people, such as biography or history.

essay

a short piece of writing on a particular subject.

conflict in literature

In literature, a conflict is a literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing forces. Conflict provides crucial tension in any story and is used to drive the narrative forward.

• Man versus self

• Man versus nature

• Man versus man

• Man versus technology

internal struggle

struggle against oneself

Style

the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work

antonym

a word that means the opposite of another word

synonym

A word that means the same as another word

Symbolism

A device in literature where an object represents an idea.

Plot

Sequence of events in a story

plot structure

exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

effect vs. affect

• Affect: Verb, to produce change in something

• Effect: (Usually) a noun meaning result, an outcome

Semicolon rules

• Independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression

• Kalyn is planning to become an engineer; however, she is also interested in plastic surgery

Uses quotation marks to reference in a paper

Short story, poem, song, movie, chapter title, website

Uses italics to reference in a paper

Novel title

MLA format

Set of guidelines on how to format a research paper

MLA format rules

Heading on first page only, page number and last name in upper right-hand corner, double-spacing entire document

In-text citation

Used to help readers easily find the sources in the References page that correspond to your referenced passage; period ALWAYS goes after the quotation marks

IT'S--contraction for "it is" or "it has".

(It's/Its) still raining; (it's/its) been raining for three days.

Apostrophe rules

• Apostrophe with Singular Nouns- Use an apostrophe + S ('s) to show that one thing owns or is a member of something. Anything SINGULAR, gets an apostrophe "s" to show possession. (Amy's ballet class, Lisa's car, Robert's car, Ross's room, Ross's sports team

Works cited page

A list of all the sources cited in a research paper (sources you acknowledge by including parenthetical citations/internal citation); last page of the essay

MLA Heading

Regarding MLA Format: Header in upper left corner of page one consists of ( First Name & Last / Teacher Name / Class Name / Date in military style)

MLA header

Upper right hand corner of the page; last name and page number

Sources

Person, book, etc., that gives information

MLA date format

Day Month Year (1 June 2015)

Controlling Point/Idea

The unifying element of a piece of a text; thesis

Topic sentence

A sentence that expresses the main idea of the paragraph in which it occurs.

Parenthetical notation

Written within the text of your paper to let your reader know when and where your information came from a source. Another name for the in-text citation.

Direct quotation

This is the exact repetition of someone's written or spoken words.

Malevolent

Having or showing a wish to do evil to others

Nebulous

Hazy; vague; uncertain

Assuaged

To lessen or to calm

Taciturn

Habitually silent or quiet, inclined to talk very little (adj.)

Malignant

Deadly, extremely harmful, evil; spiteful, malicious (adj.)

Erratic

Not regular or consistent; different from what is ordinarily expected; undependable (adj.)

Indigenous

Native to a certain area

Auspicious

Conducive to success; favorable

Candid

Frank, sincere; impartial; unposed (adj.)

Idiosyncratic

Peculiar to the individual

Enmity

Hatred, ill-will (n.)

Continuity

we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones

Solace

• Comfort, relief (n.)

• To comfort, console (v.)

Abyss

A deep or seemingly bottomless hole or chasm

Annihilate

To destroy completely