Dual Credit History Final

Caravel

A fifteenth-century European ship capable of long-distance travel.

Tenochtitlán

The capital city of the Aztec empire; the city was built on marshy islands on the western side of lake Tetzcoco, which is the site of present-day Mexico City.

Borderland

A place between or near recognized borders where no group of people has complete political control or cultural dominance

Anglican Church

The established state church of England, formed by Henry VIll after the pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

House of Burgesses

The first elected assembly in colonial America established in 1619 in Virginia. Only wealthy landowners could vote in its elections.

dower rights

In colonial America, the right of a widowed woman to inherit one-third of her deceased husband's property.

Yamasee War

War between South Carolina and Yamasee and Muscogee Indians, aggravated by rising debts and slave traders' raids; although the Yamasee lost, the war resulted in the end of South Carolina's Indian slave trade.

Lords of Trade

An English regulatory board established to oversee colonial affairs in 1675.

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies-and later New York and New Jersey—by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; dominion reverted to individual colonial governments three years later.

Natchez War

War begun in 1729 by the Natchez Indians against the French who were building plantations on Natchez land. With help from Native allies, the French won the war and drove the Natchez from their homeland.

yeoman farmers

Small landowners (the majority of white families in the Old South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.

Deism

Enlightenment thought applied to religion; emphasized reason, morality, and natural law.

Father Junípero Serra

Missionary who began and directed the California mission system in the 1770s and 1780s. Serra presided over the conversion of many Indians to Christianity sometimes by force.

Neolin

A Delaware Indian (Lenape) religious prophet who, by preaching Native American unity and rejection of European technology and commerce, helped inspire Pontiac's War.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutionary War; it actually took place at nearby Breed's Hill, Massachusetts, on June 17, 1775.

Lord Dunmore's proclamation

A proclamation issued in 1775 by the earl of Dunmore, the British governor of Virginia, that offered freedom to any men enslaved by rebels who volunteered to fight for the king.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk military, political, and diplomatic leader who led the Haudenosaunee against the rebelling British colonists in the Revolutionary War; brother of Molly Brant.

Molly Brant

Mohawk leader who coordinated efforts with the British and with Loyalists during the Revolutionary War in Haudenosaunee country; sister of Joseph Brant.

abolition

Social movement of the pre-Civil War era that advocated the immediate emancipation of the slaves and their incorporation into American society as equal citizens.

freedom petitions

Arguments for liberty presented to courts and legislatures starting in the early 1770s by enslaved African Americans.

republican motherhood

The ideology that emerged as a result of American independence where women's political role was to train their sons to be future citizens.

empire of liberty

The idea, expressed by Jefferson, that the United States would expand liberty as it spread west across the continent. White Americans who moved west would eventually be able to apply for admission into the United States as full member

states.

gradual emancipation

A series of acts passed in state legislatures in the North in the years following the Revolution that freed slaves after they reached a certain age, following lengthy "apprenticeships."

Notes on the State of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson's 1785 book that claimed, among other things, that Black people were incapable of becoming citizens and living in harmony alongside white people due to the legacy of slavery and what Jefferson believed were the "real distinctions that nature has made" between races.

Revolution of 1800

First time that an American political party surrendered power to the opposition party;

Jefferson, a Republican, had defeated incumbent Adams, a Federalist, for president.

Tecumseh

Shawnee diplomatic and military leader who followed the teachings of his brother Tenskwatawa and tried to unite all Indians into a confederation to resist white encroachment on their lands; his beliefs and leadership made him seem dangerous to the American government. He allied with the British during the War of 1812 and was killed at the Battle of the Thames.

Tenskwatawa

Shawnee religious prophet who called for complete Native American separation from whites and their goods and influence and resistance to the United States; brother of Tecumseh.

Fort McHenry

Fort in Baltimore Harbor unsuccessfully bombarded by the British in September 1814; Francis Scott Key, a witness to the battle, was moved to write the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner."

Porkopolis

Nickname of Cincinnati, coined in the mid-nineteenth century, after its numerous slaughterhouses.

nativism

Anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent from the 1830s through the 1850s; the largest group of its proponents was New York's Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American (Know-Nothing) Party in 1854.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 U.S. Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld the original charter of the college against New Hampshire's attempt to alter the board of trustees; set the precedent of support of contracts against state interference.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 U.S. Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause" (the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's granting of steamboat monopolies.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Landmark 1842 ruling of the Massachusetts Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions.

Franchise

The right to vote

tariff of 1816

First true protective tariff, intended to protect certain American goods against foreign competition.

Panic of 1819

Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for American exports, and reckless western land speculation.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states.

Exposition and Protest

Document written in 1828 by Vice President John C. Calhoun of South Carolina to protest the so-called tariff of abominations, which seemed to favor northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition and became the basis for South Carolina's Nullification Doctrine of 1833.

paternalism

A moral position developed during the first half of the nineteenth century, which claimed that slaves were deprived of liberty for their own "good." Such a rationalization was adopted by some slaveowners to justify slavery.

fugitive slaves

Slaves who escaped from their owners.

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

An 1822 failed slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina, purported to have been led by Denmark Vesey, a free Black man.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, populated from 1841 to 1847 principally by writers (Nathaniel Hawthorne, for one) and other intellectuals.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 antislavery novel that popularized the abolitionist position.

woman suffrage

Movement to give women the right to vote through a constitutional amendment, spearheaded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton's National Woman Suffrage Association.

Gadsden Purchase

Thirty thousand square miles in present-day

Arizona and New Mexico bought by Congress from Mexico in 1853 primarily for the Southern Pacific Railroad's transcontinental route.

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who negotiated the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. That treaty was the first step in starting a political and commercial relationship between the United States and Japan.

The slave power

The Republican and abolitionist term for proslavery dominance of southern and national governments.

Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Site of abolitionist John Brown's failed raid on the federal arsenal, October 16-17, 1859; Brown became a martyr to his cause after his capture and execution.

Battle of Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought to a standoff on September 17, 1862, in western Maryland.

Battle of Gettysburg

Battle fought in southern Pennsylvania, July 1-3, 1863; the Confederate defeat and the simultaneous loss at Vicksburg marked the military turning point of the Civil War.

Thirteenth amendment

Constitutional amendment adopted in 1865 that irrevocably abolished slavery throughout the United States.

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

Site of the surrender of Confederate general

Robert E. Lee to Union general Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, marking the end of the Civil War.