[FT] INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Arrhenius Acid

Liberates H+

Bronsted-Lowry Acid

Proton Donor

Lewis Acid

E-Pair Acceptor

Salt and Water

Acid + Base = ?

Hydrochloric acid

35-38% (W/W) HCl

Diluted Hydrochloric Acid

9.5-10.5% (W/W) HCl

Arsenious acid

Arsenic chloride solution

Nitrohydrochloric acid

Aqua regia (King’s Water)

Nitric acid

Eau forte, Aqua fortis (Strong Water)

Ferric subsulfate solution

Monsel’s soluton

Phosphoric acid

Tx of Pb Poisoining

Lister’s solution

Antiseptic solution

Compound zinc sulfate powder

Antiseptic powder

• Sodium hydroxide

• Sodium carbonate

• Strong ammonia solution

• Diluted ammonia soluton

Bases

• Hydrochloric acid

• Arsenous acid

• Nitric acid

• Phosphoric acid

• Sulfuric acid

• Boric acid

Acid

Buffers

Mixture of weak acids and bases; resists pH changes

Sorensen phosphate buffer (Phosphate buffered saline)

Salts of Na₃PO₄ + NaCl

Gifford’s buffer

Boric acid + sodium carbonate +KCl

Atkin’s and Pantin Buffer

Boric acid + sodium carbonate + NaCl

Feldman’s/Palitzsch Buffer

Boric acid + sodium borate + NaCl

Temporary Hardness

Presence of soluble Ca and Mg bicarbonates

Permanent Hardness

Presence of Ca and Mg chlorides and sulfates

Purified Water

• Excipient in non-parenteral preparations

• Not required to be sterile

• Extemporaneous compounding

Water for Injection

• Excipient in parental preparations

• Not required to be sterile

• Minimal quality of source water - Drinking Water

Water for Hemodialysis

• Hemodialysis applications

• Minimal quality of source water - Drinking Water

Pure Steam (Water Vapor)

• Clean steam

• Minimal quality of source water - Drinking Water

Sterile Purified Water

Packaged and sterile purified water

Sterile Water for Injection (SWF)

• Extemporaneous prescription compounding and sterile diluent for parenteral products

• Single-dose container = NMT 1L

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

• SWFI + antimicrobial preservative

• Multi-dose that require repeated content withdrawals

• Single-dose/Multiple-dose = NMT 30 mL

Sterile Water for Irrigation

• Used for washing

• Single-dose container = 1L

Sterile Water for Inhalation

Use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions

Drinking Water

• Potable Water

• Prescribed source for the production of bulk monographed waters

Carbon-dioxide free water

PW vigorously boiled for NLT 5 mins then cooled

Distilled Water

Produced by vaporizing drinking water or a higher quality of water

Deionized Water

Produced by an ion-exchange process

Type I

• Borosilicate glass

• Parenteral and non-parenteral uses

Type 2

• Treated Soda-lime-silica

• Suitable for most acidic and neutral aq. products for parenteral and non-parenteral use

Type 3

• Soda-lime-silica

• Not used for parenteral products or for powders (parenteral use)

• Hypophosphorous acid

• Sulfur dioxide

• Sodium metabisulfite

• Nitrogen gas

• Argon gas

Antioxidants

Potassium

Principal cation in the ICF

Sodium

Principal cation in the ECF

Phosphate

Principal anion in the ICF

Chloride

Principal anion in theE CF

Magnesium

2nd most abundant cation in the ICF

Calcium

2nd most abundant cation in the ECF

Bicarbonate

2nd most abundant in the ECF

• Sodium bicarbonate

• Potassium bicarbonate

• Sodium citrate

• Potassium citrate

Systemic alkalizers

Systemic alkalizers

Increases pH to make it less acidic (fow low pH)

Systemic Acidifiers

Decreases pH to make it less basic (fow high pH)

• Sodium biphosphate

• Calcium chloride

• Ammonium chloride

Systemic Acidifiers

Iron

Catalytic site of enzymes and oxygen-transporting proteins

Copper

Cofactor of enzymes in redox reactions

Zinc

Enhances insulin action and manages blood glucose concentration

Manganese

Antioxidant that protects cells from free radicals damage

Chromium

Potentate insulin and normal glucose metabolism

Molybdenum

Used by enzymes to catalyze diverse redox reactions

Selenium

• Antioxidant; protection against free radicals and carcinogenic factors

• Component of enzyme glutathione peroxidase (Vit E)

Cobalt

Part of Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

Sulfur

Present in all polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes that contain cysteine and methionine amino acids

Iodine

Integral component of thyroid hormones needed for cellular metabolism

Stimulant Laxative

• Local irritation

• Increases intestinal secretion and motilty

Bulk-forming Laxatve

• Retain fluid in the stool

• Increase stool weight and consistency

Emollient Laxatives (Lubricants)

Aids in the passage of stools

Saline Laxatives (Osmotic)

Poorly absorbable and draws water into the lumen of the bowel

Sodium thiosulfate

TX cyanide and iodine poisoning

Sodium nitrite

TX cyanide poisoning

Activated charcoal

Universal antidote

Ferric ferrocyanide

Antidote for Tl posoning

Ferric hydroxide

Antidote for As poisoning

Cupric sulfate

Antidote for P poisoning

Tantalum

Bone replacement for temporary braces of long bones and close openings n the skull

Gold

Dental crowns, bridges, and inlays

• Mercury amalgams of gold and silver

• Zinc-eugenol cement

Dental fillings

Plaster of Paris

Temporary support structures, esp. for broken bones