Cell Met Gluconeogenesis

The de novo synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called .

gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is critical for maintaining glucose.

blood

The brain and red blood cells depend heavily on .

glucose

The cycle that converts muscle lactate to glucose in the liver is the cycle.

cori

The cycle that converts muscle alanine to glucose in the liver is the cycle.

alanine

Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the .

liver

Lactate is converted to pyruvate by lactate .

dehydrogenase

Conversion of lactate to pyruvate produces .

nadh

Pyruvate carboxylase requires the cofactor .

biotin

Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate requires .

gtp

Two molecules of lactate require __ atp to form one glucose.

six

Oxaloacetate must be transported out of the mitochondria by conversion to ____ .

aspartate

Aspartate is reconverted to oxaloacetate in the ____ .

cytosol

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can form .

glucose

Odd-chain fatty acids provide propionyl-coa which is converted to .

oxaloacetate

Propionyl-coa conversion allows fatty acids to contribute to .

gluconeogenesis

Alanine is converted to pyruvate by transamination in the .

liver

The conversion of alanine to pyruvate requires the removal of .

nitrogen

Gluconeogenesis is ________ expensive.

energy

The hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis is .

glucagon

The hormone that inhibits gluconeogenesis is .

insulin

Protein kinase a promotes phosphorylation that decreases fructose-2,6-_________.

bisphosphate

Low fructose-2,6-bisphosphate decreases ________ activity.

phosphofructokinase-1

Decreased phosphofructokinase-1 activity slows ______.

glycolysis

Slowing glycolysis favors ___________ .

gluconeogenesis

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is inhibited by high levels of .

amp

Pyruvate carboxylase is activated by _____ -coa.

acetyl

Glucose-6-phosphatase is found in the___ .

liver

Gluconeogenesis does not occur in ____ muscle.

skeletal

The cori cycle transfers lactate from muscle to _____.

liver

Lactate accumulation can lead to acidosis.

lactic

The alanine cycle transfers carbon and from muscle to liver.

nitrogen

During fasting, gluconeogenesis becomes the primary source of _____.

glucose

During exercise, glycolysis is _____.

stimulated

At rest, glycolysis is _______.

inhibited

Feedforward activation of pyruvate kinase is caused by fructose-1,6- ___________.

bisphosphate

In muscle, low atp and high amp activate .

phosphofructokinase-1

Long slow exercise favors conversion of pyruvate to ____ and h₂o.

CO2

Short intense exercise favors conversion of pyruvate to .

lactate

Gluconeogenesis from alanine requires energy from ____ ____ oxidation.

fatty acid

Gluconeogenesis is transcriptionally upregulated by phosphorylation of ___ .

creb

Creb activation increases expression of phosphoenolpyruvate ______ .

carboxykinase

Oxaloacetate is a central intermediate in both gluconeogenesis and the cycle.

tca