Cell Met Gluconeogenesis

The de novo synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called .

gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is critical for maintaining glucose.

blood

The brain and red blood cells depend heavily on .

glucose

The cycle that converts muscle lactate to glucose in the liver is the cycle.

cori

The cycle that converts muscle alanine to glucose in the liver is the cycle.

alanine

Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the .

liver

The first substrate in gluconeogenesis is often .

pyruvate

Lactate is converted to pyruvate by lactate .

dehydrogenase

Conversion of lactate to pyruvate produces .

nadh

Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate .

carboxylase

Pyruvate carboxylase requires the cofactor .

biotin

Oxaloacetate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate .

carboxykinase

Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate requires .

gtp

Two molecules of lactate require atp to form one glucose.

six

Oxaloacetate must be transported out of the mitochondria by conversion to .

aspartate

Aspartate is reconverted to oxaloacetate in the .

cytosol

The reverse glycolytic step consuming nadh occurs at glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate .

dehydrogenase

The enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is fructose-1,6-.

bisphosphatase

The enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose is glucose-6-.

phosphatase

The final product of gluconeogenesis is .

glucose

Gluconeogenesis bypasses the irreversible glycolytic step catalyzed by .

pyruvate kinase

Fructose enters gluconeogenesis after phosphorylation by .

fructokinase

Fructokinase forms fructose-1-.

phosphate

Aldolase B converts fructose-1-phosphate into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and .

glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is phosphorylated by triose .

kinase

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can form .

glucose

Odd-chain fatty acids provide propionyl-coa which is converted to .

oxaloacetate

Propionyl-coa conversion allows fatty acids to contribute to .

gluconeogenesis

Alanine is converted to pyruvate by transamination in the .

liver

The conversion of alanine to pyruvate requires the removal of .

nitrogen

Nitrogen from amino acid catabolism is excreted as .

urea

Gluconeogenesis is expensive.

energy

The hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis is .

glucagon

The hormone that inhibits gluconeogenesis is .

insulin

Glucagon activates cyclase to increase camp.

adenylate

Camp activates protein kinase .

a

Protein kinase a promotes phosphorylation that decreases fructose-2,6-.

bisphosphate

Low fructose-2,6-bisphosphate decreases activity.

phosphofructokinase-1

Decreased phosphofructokinase-1 activity slows .

glycolysis

Slowing glycolysis favors .

gluconeogenesis

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is inhibited by high levels of .

amp

Pyruvate carboxylase is activated by -coa.

acetyl

High acetyl-coa signals a need to form .

glucose

Glucose-6-phosphatase is found in the .

liver

Gluconeogenesis does not occur in muscle.

skeletal

The cori cycle transfers lactate from muscle to .

liver

Lactate accumulation can lead to acidosis.

lactic

The alanine cycle transfers carbon and from muscle to liver.

nitrogen

Excess nitrogen from amino acids enters the cycle.

urea

During fasting, gluconeogenesis becomes the primary source of .

glucose

During exercise, glycolysis is .

stimulated

At rest, glycolysis is .

inhibited

Feedforward activation of pyruvate kinase is caused by fructose-1,6-.

bisphosphate

In muscle, low atp and high amp activate .

phosphofructokinase-1

Long slow exercise favors conversion of pyruvate to and h₂o.

co₂

Short intense exercise favors conversion of pyruvate to .

lactate

The transporter that exports lactate and protons is a symporter.

monocarboxylate

Gluconeogenesis from alanine requires energy from oxidation.

fatty acid

Gluconeogenesis is transcriptionally upregulated by phosphorylation of .

creb

Creb activation increases expression of phosphoenolpyruvate .

carboxykinase

Oxaloacetate is a central intermediate in both gluconeogenesis and the cycle.

tca