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First Neutrality Act
Banned arms exports to belligerent nations.
FDR's Opposition
Franklin D. Roosevelt criticized the neutrality stance.
Neutrality Act of 1937
Expanded restrictions due to Spanish Civil War.
Cash and Carry Policy
Allowed trade if paid in cash, no credit.
Belligerent Nations
Countries engaged in conflict, subject to restrictions.
Lend-Lease Program
Provided aid to Allies without direct involvement.
Bombing of Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941 attack by Japan.
Isolationism
Policy of non-involvement in foreign conflicts.
Spanish Civil War
Conflict prompting U.S. to adjust neutrality stance.
American Ships Ban
Prohibited transporting goods to belligerent ports.
Financial Backing Avoidance
Prevented U.S. from funding belligerent nations.
Allied Powers
Coalition including the U.S., UK, and USSR.
Axis Powers
Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Czechoslovakia Annexation
Event that influenced U.S. neutrality policy.
European Theater
Land-based operations in Europe during WWII.
Pacific Theater
Naval and air operations in the Pacific.
War Timing Variance
Different end dates for opposing sides.
Japan's Motivation
Sought recognition as a major power.
Post-WWI Discontent
Japan felt cheated of promised territories.
Hitler's Alliances
Formed partnerships with Japan before WWII.
U.S. Neutrality Shift
Gradual move towards supporting Allies.
Imperialism
Expansion of a nation's power and influence.
Open Door Policy
US trade policy allowing access to China.
Embargo
Official ban on trade with a country.
Pearl Harbor
US naval base attacked by Japan, December 7, 1941.
USS Arizona
Battleship that suffered heavy casualties at Pearl Harbor.
Japanese Internment Camps
Detention centers for Japanese Americans during WWII.
High Alert
Military readiness status anticipating potential attacks.
First Wave Attack
Initial assault on Pearl Harbor at 7:49 AM.
Second Wave Attack
Follow-up assault targeting airfields and ships.
Admiral Limets
Regretted losses at Pearl Harbor, advocated recovery.
Germany's Declaration of War
Germany declared war on the US on December 11.
Latin America Allies
99% sided with Allies by Christmas 1941.
Malaya Offensive
Japan's campaign in Malaya began December 10, 1941.
Guam's Fall
Guam captured almost instantly by Japanese forces.
Wake Island Defense
Held out against Japanese until December 23, 1941.
Philippines Resistance
Held out against Japan until May 15, 1942.
Borneo and Timor
Fell to Japanese forces in early 1942.
Fear of Sabotage
Concerns about internal threats during Pearl Harbor.
Japanese Ambassador
Negotiated with US before Pearl Harbor attack.
US Military Drills
Prepared forces for potential attacks, created false security.
Japan's Strategic Planning
Coordinated attacks on multiple fronts simultaneously.
Casualties at Pearl Harbor
2400 killed, 1200 wounded during the attack.
FDR's Response
Set up internment camps due to paranoia.
Imperialism
Expansion to acquire resources and territory.
WW1 Promises
Japan felt cheated by unfulfilled territorial promises.
Open Door Policy
US trade policy promoting equal access to China.
Embargo
US trade restrictions against Japan.
Pearl Harbor
US naval base attacked on December 7, 1941.
Surprise Attack
Japan attacked when US was least prepared.
USS Arizona
Ship with highest casualties during Pearl Harbor.
High Alert
US military readiness for potential Japanese attack.
First Wave Attack
138 planes targeted battleships and airfields.
Second Wave Attack
Follow-up wave targeting additional military assets.
Casualties at Pearl Harbor
2400 killed and 1200 wounded.
Admiral Limets
Regretted losses but saw recovery potential.
Declaration of War
US declared war on Japan after Pearl Harbor.
Germany and Italy
Declared war on US on December 11, 1941.
Latin America
Majority sided with Allies by Christmas 1941.
Wake Island
Defended against Japan until December 23.
Malaya Offensive
Japan's campaign began on February 10, 1942.
Internment Camps
FDR established camps for Japanese Americans.
National Hysteria
Fear led to internment of Japanese citizens.
Military Drills
US conducted drills anticipating Japanese attack.
Japanese Intelligence
Japanese Americans relayed information to Japan.
Guam's Fall
Guam captured almost instantly by Japan.
Philippines Defense
Philippines held out until May 15, 1942.
Borneo and Timor
Fell to Japan in early 1942.
Open Door Policy
US trade policy promoting equal trade access.
Embargo
Official ban on trade with Japan.
USS Arizona
Battleship with highest casualties at Pearl Harbor.
War Declaration
Formal announcement of war against Japan.
First Wave Attack
Initial strike on Pearl Harbor at 7:49 AM.
Second Wave Attack
Follow-up strike targeting airfields and ships.
Admiral Limets
Regretted losses but saw strategic recovery potential.
Germany and Italy
Declared war on the US on December 11.
Wake Island
Defended against Japanese attack until December 23.
Guam
Fell to Japanese forces almost instantly.
Malaya
Fell to Japan on February 15, 1942.
Philippines
Held out against Japan until May 15, 1942.
Constant Drills
Prepared US forces but created incorrect mindset.
High Alert
US bases prepared for potential attacks for months.
Fear Tactics
Japan aimed to instill fear in US citizens.
Attack Timing
Planned for a Sunday, exploiting low readiness.
Japanese Intelligence
Gathered information from Japanese Americans in US.
Military Strategy
Japan aimed to attack US on multiple fronts.
Executive Order 9066
Allowed FDR to bypass constitutional protections.
Japanese American Internment
Incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII.
Military Protections
Legal framework for detaining perceived threats.
Forced Evacuations
Removal of individuals without due process.
War Relocation Authority
Agency managing internment camps under Executive Order 9102.
Milton Eisenhower
Led the War Relocation Authority operations.
Civil Liberties Act
1988 act offering reparations to Japanese internees.
Internment Camps
Facilities where Japanese Americans were detained.
Final Solution
Nazi plan for the extermination of Jews.
Kristallnacht
State-sponsored violence against Jewish property in 1938.
Einzatzgruppen
SS units executing Jews in occupied territories.
Ghettos
Segregated areas for Jews during the Holocaust.
Selection Process
Determining who would live or die in camps.
Gas Chambers
Mass murder method using toxic gas.
