society type shi

Composition of Society

The structure of society based on the different groups that compose it, including institutions, organizations, and relationships.

Social Institution

A stable cluster of values, norms, statuses, and roles that develop around basic social needs.

Social Organization

A pattern of relationships among individuals and groups which define their roles and responsibilities.

Anthropology

The study of humans, their culture, and how societies are organized through kinship, rituals, and traditions.

Sociology

The study of society, social behavior, and the relationships between individuals and groups.

Political Science

The study of government, political processes, and power structures in society.

Levels of Social Organization

The different layers of structure in society: Social Groups, Institutions, Political Structures, Economic Institutions, Non-state Institutions, Education, Religion, Health, and Stratification.

Social Groups

A collection of individuals who have regular contact, mutual influence, a feeling of belongingness, and common goals.

Social Aggregates

A collection of people in the same place at the same time who do not interact or identify with one another (e.g., people in a mall).

Social Categories

A collection of people who share similar characteristics (e.g., occupation, gender) but do not interact regularly.

Primary Group

Small, long-lasting group with deep personal relationships (e.g., family, close friends).

Secondary Group

Group that can be large or small but focuses on achieving goals rather than emotional connection (e.g., work team, company).

Reference Group

A group an individual uses as a standard for self-evaluation or behavior (includes In-Group and Out-Group).

In-Group

A group to which an individual feels loyalty, belongingness, and respect.

Out-Group

A group that an individual does not identify with and may even feel opposition toward.

Kinship

A social institution referring to relationships formed among members of society through blood, marriage, or rituals.

Types of Kinship

Kinship by Blood, Kinship by Marriage, Kinship by Rituals.

Consanguineal Kinship

A kinship based on blood relations, considered the most basic and general form of human relationship.

Descent

The biological relationship or ancestry of an individual.

Lineage

The line along which descent is traced (e.g., through the mother’s or father’s side).

Unilineal Descent

Tracing descent through one parent only (either male or female line).

Patrilineal Descent

Tracing ancestry through the father’s line; children belong to the father’s kin group.

Matrilineal Descent

Tracing ancestry through the mother’s line; children belong to the mother’s kin group.

Bilateral Descent

Tracing descent through both the mother’s and father’s family lines.

Affinal Kinship

Kinship formed through marriage; new social relations arise between families.

Marriage (Definition)

A special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman, established for conjugal and family life, governed by law (Family Code of the Philippines).

Endogamy

Marriage within the same community, ethnic, or social group.

Exogamy

Marriage outside one’s own community or group, preventing incest.

Referred Marriage

A marriage arranged through mutual referral between individuals seeking partners.

Arranged Marriage

A marriage fixed by parents or elders following family or community rules.

Child Marriage

A marriage arranged by parents when children are still young, often before maturity.

Exchange Marriage

Marriage involving reciprocal exchange of spouses between families, tribes, or groups.

Monogamy

Marriage or union with only one partner.

Polygamy

Marriage involving more than one partner.

Polygyny

A man having multiple wives or female partners.

Polyandry

A woman having multiple husbands or male partners.

Post-Marital Residency Rules

Social rules determining where a couple lives after marriage.

Patrilocal Rule

Couples live near or with the husband’s relatives.

Matrilocal Rule

Couples live near or with the wife’s relatives.

Biolocal Rule

Couples alternate living with both the husband’s and wife’s relatives.

Neolocal Rule

Couples establish a new, independent residence separate from both families.

Kinship by Rituals

A social relationship established through rituals or ceremonies such as baptism, marriage, or confirmation.

Compadrazgo

A ritual kinship system (godparenthood) that creates co-parent relationships through Catholic rites.

Family

The basic unit of social organization composed of individuals related by blood, marriage, or adoption.

Household

A group of people who share a common residence and perform social roles within the family structure.

Nuclear Family

A family made up of two parents and their children.

Extended Family

A family that includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles.

Blended Family

A family where one or both partners have children from previous relationships; also called stepfamily.

Political Organization

The structure of power, authority, and governance within a society.

Functions of Political Organization

Allocation of political roles, power distribution, authority concentration, and conflict resolution mechanisms.

Band

A small political organization composed of several families linked by marriage or kinship; often nomadic and egalitarian.

Tribe

A larger group than a band; consists of several families or clans with a recognized leader and more complex organization.

Chiefdom

A political system with formal leadership where power is concentrated in a single family.

Simple Chiefdom

A chiefdom ruled by one central village under a single family.

Complex Chiefdom

Composed of multiple simple chiefdoms ruled by a paramount chief from one main center.

Nation

A group of people with shared history, culture, and identity but lacking full political sovereignty or independence.

State

An organized political entity with sovereignty, government, population, and defined territory.

Purpose of Studying Social Organization

To understand how society functions, how people relate to each other, and how institutions shape social life.

Functions of Social Groups

Provide belonging, support, identity, and opportunities for cooperation and goal achievement.

Importance of Kinship

Defines rights, duties, and obligations within families and societies.

Importance of Marriage

Ensures social continuity, regulates sexual behavior, and defines legal rights within families.

Importance of Family

Acts as the foundation of society, socializing children, and maintaining cultural values.

Importance of Political Structures

Maintain order, create laws, and organize leadership and power distribution.