APUSH period 5 Vocab

Manifest destiny

the belief that america had the “god given”right to expand from sea to shining sea

stephen austin

American who settled in texas, one of the leaders for Texas Independence from Mexico

Sam houston

US politician and military who fought to gain independence for texas from mexico and to make it part of the US

“Fifty-Four Forty or Fight”

Polks Campaign slogan the US would accept nothing less from the British than all of the oregon country as far north as the border of alaska

Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo(1848)

treaty that ended the mexican american war ,granting the us control of texas,new mexico and california in exchange of $15 million

Mexican censsion

Awarded as part of the treaty that ceded a large portion of Mexico's northern territories to the United States, including present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.

Wilmot proviso

in 1846,An unsuccessful proposal to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War.

Ostend Manifesto

A 1854 document that outlined the United States' desire to acquire Cuba from Spain at $20 million, suggesting that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. It wasn’t cariied because north feared cuba would become another slave state.

Gadsden Purchase

A 1854 agreement in which the United States purchased land from Mexico at $10 million, primarily to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad route, acquiring parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Free-soil party

A political party formed in 1848 that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States, advocating for free land for settlers.

Popular sovereignty

The notion that the people of the territory should decide whether to allow slavery or not.

Henry clay

a northern american politician .He developed the american system as well as negotiated numerous compromises

Compromise of 1850

five laws pased that deals with issue of slavery and territorial expansion

Irish immigrants

People who migrated from Ireland to the United States, especially during the 1840s due to the Great Famine.

German Immigrants

Individuals who migrated from Germany to the U.S., especially during the 19th century.

Underground railroad

Were essential to westward expansion because they made it easier to travel to and live in the west

Uncle tom’s cabin

Anoval pulished by harriet Beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immortal

Kansas-Nebraska act

Created nebraska and kasas as states and gave the people in thoes territories the right to chose to be free or slave through popular sovereignty

“Bleeding kansas”

A sequence of violent events involving abolostionist and pro slavery elements that took place in kansas -nebraska territories .this strained the relation of the north and south

sumner-brooks incident

: A violent confrontation in 1856, where Congressman Preston Brooks assaulted Senator Charles Sumner in the Senate chamber due to Sumner's anti-slavery speech.

Know-Nothing party

The american party; anti-immigrant and anti catholic

Republican party

political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery and consisted of whigs, northern democrats and free soilers.

Dred scott v. Sandfort

Declared that african americans were not citizen of the united states could not sue in federal court.

Harper’s Ferry

abolitist john brown attemplted to seize wepns feom the federao arsenal in order to arm the slaves to start a rebellion

Fort sumter

South carolina location were confederate forces fired the first shots of the civil war in april of 1861, after union forces attempted to provision the fort

Anaconda plan

Northern civil war strategy to starve the south by blocking sea ports and controlling the missisippi river

Robert E. lee

confederate general who opposed secession but did not believe the union should be held together by force.

Battle of antietam

civil war battle in which the north succeeded in halting lees’s confederate forces in maryland. was the bloodies battle of war

Battle of Gettysburg

A critical Civil War battle fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863, in Pennsylvania, which resulted in a significant defeat for Confederate General Robert E. Lee and marked a turning point in the war.

Appomattox court house

the site of the surrender of the confederate army under Robert E. Lee to union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Confiscation Acts

Laws passed during the Civil War that allowed the Union to seize enemy property, including enslaved people, used to support the Confederate war effort.

Emancipation proclamation

The 1863 executive order by President Lincoln that declared the freedom of all enslaved people in Confederate-held territory.

massachusetts 54th regiment

An all black regiment in the civil war

Gettysburg Address

A brief speech by President Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery, emphasizing national unity and the principles of liberty and equality.

Homestead Act

the 1862, act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property

Morrill Land grant

set aside federal land to create collage to benefit the agriculture and mechnical arts

Pacific Railway Act

1862,legislation to encourage the constion of transcontinental railroad connecting the west to insustries in the northeast

Lincoln’s Reconstruction

Lincoln's plan to reunify the nation post-Civil War, emphasizing forgiveness and rapid reintegration of the Southern states.

johnson reconstruction

Andrew Johnson's post-Civil War plan focused on rapid reintegration of Southern states with lenient terms.

Freedmen’s Bureau

created to aid newly emancipted slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care ,education and legal support

Radical Republicans

congressional group that wished to punish the south for its seccession from the union

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery ,First of three”reconstruction Amendment”passed after civil war

14th amendment

Declared that all persons born in the u.s are citizen and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th amendment

All u.s. male citizen have the right to vote

“Scalawags”

White Southerners who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party.

“Carpetbaggers”

Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War to seek political or economic opportunities.

Redeemers

Southern Democrats who aimed to restore white supremacy and reduce the influence of Reconstruction governments.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society formed to promote white supremacy, using terror against African Americans and other minorities.

Black codes

Laws restricting the rights of former enslaved people.

Sharecropping

A system where farmers work land owned by someone else and pay rent with a share of the crop.

Compromise of 1877

Agreement that ended Reconstruction, resulting in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.