Enduring Mental Health: Definitions, Prevalence, and Cultural Perspectives

Prospective cohort study

Longitudinal observational study that follows a group of individuals from exposure to a potential risk factor to the development of an outcome.

What is the prevalence of mental health disorders in the general population?

17% of people do not have a mental health disorder.

What are indicators of abnormality in behavior?

Subjective distress, maladaptiveness/impairment, statistical deviancy, social discomfort, irrationality, unpredictability, and dangerousness.

What is the DSM-5?

written by the American Psychiatric Association

What are the disadvantages of using classification in mental health diagnosis?

Loss of information about history, personality, and family, as well as stigma and discrimination.

Correlational studies

a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world.

Pros of correlational studies

Can look at problems that are unethical to manipulate

Less expensive than experimental research

Great starting point for research

What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?

Prevalence refers to the number of active cases in a population at a given time, while incidence refers to the number of new cases that occur over a period.

What is point prevalence?

Point prevalence is the estimated proportion of active cases in a population at a specific point in time.

What does lifetime prevalence indicate?

Lifetime prevalence indicates the number of people who have ever had a disorder, regardless of whether they have recovered.

What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders?

30%

What percentage of the population is estimated to experience mood disorders over their lifetime?

20%

What is the global burden of disease attributed to mental health issues?

Mental health issues account for over 7% of total disease burden, more than HIV/AIDS and diabetes.

What percentage of disability-adjusted life years is accounted for by depression?

Depression accounts for 40% of disability-adjusted life years.

What is the difference between retrospective and prospective research strategies?

Retrospective research looks back at past events, while prospective research looks forward to identify future outcomes.

What does the term 'effect size' refer to?

Effect size measures the strength of the association between two variables, independent of sample size.

What is meta-analysis?

Meta-analysis is a method that combines effect sizes from multiple studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of research findings.

What is concept creep?

Concept creep is the gradual expansion of the meaning of harm-related concepts, leading to broader definitions of mental health issues.

What is the importance of statistical significance in research findings?

Statistical significance indicates that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance, typically set at P < .05.

what does a CAT scan do

x-rays the brain, only can show the structure of the brain

what do PET scans do

Show brain activitywith dye. They are very detailed and can be used to investigate the structure and function of the brain in real time.

What do fMRIs do

Highlights active areas of the brain

Detects changes in both blood oxygenation and flow that occur due to neural activity in specific brain areas.

Horizontal creep

capturing qualitatively new concepts

Vertical creep

capturing less extreme forms

What theory did Hippocrates propose regarding mental disorders?

He suggested that mental disorders were due to brain pathology and noted hereditary predispositions.

What was Aristotle's proposed cure for mental disorders?

He believed that thinking a certain way could cure mental disorders.

Who was Paracelsus and what was his contribution?

He critiqued supernatural explanations and attributed mental illness to pathology.

What was the focus of asylums in America during the 1800s?

They emphasized spiritual development and character building due to limited treatment options.

What are necessary, sufficient, and contributory causes in the context of mental disorders?

Necessary causes must exist for a disorder, sufficient causes guarantee a disorder, and contributory causes increase the likelihood of a disorder.

What is the difference between proximal and distal risk factors?

Proximal risk factors have a short time frame between cause and effect, while distal factors may take years to manifest.

What does the term 'reinforcing contributory cause' refer to?

It refers to conditions that perpetuate a mental disorder, such as attention or relief.

What are the two models of the Diathesis-Stress framework?

Additive model (diathesis and stress add together) and Interactive model (diathesis is necessary for stress to affect the outcome).

What are the four categories of biological factors affecting mental health?

Genetic vulnerabilities, brain dysfunction, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and temperament.

What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

It regulates stress responses by controlling the release of hormones like cortisol.

What are the five types of neurotransmitters mentioned?

Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

What does the term 'concordance rate' refer to?

The percentage of twins sharing a particular disorder, indicating genetic influence.

What was the main finding regarding trigger warnings in the experiment?

Trigger warnings had no effect on anxiety and could actually increase anxiety in some cases.

What scale did Holmes and Rahe develop?

The Social Readjustment Rating Scale for self-reporting stressful life experiences.

What is the lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the general population?

6.8%, with 9.7% in women and 3.6% in men.

What is the prevalence of specific phobias in the population?

12% of the population, more common in women.

What is the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)?

A framework that emphasizes a dimensional approach to psychopathology, focusing on neural mechanisms and pathways.

What is the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)?

A model that uses statistical methods to describe psychopathology in terms of specific behaviors and symptoms, organized into higher-level factors.

What historical perspective did Emil Kraepelin contribute to psychiatry?

He published early diagnostic classifications that laid the groundwork for the DSM, emphasizing brain pathology.

What is the ICD-11?

They cannot be generalized to a larger population and may be subject to bias from the researcher.

What is correlational design?

A research approach that examines the relationship between two or more variables, where R indicates relationship strength.

What does a correlation coefficient of +1 or -1 signify?

It indicates a perfect positive or negative relationship, respectively.

What is translational research?

Research that applies findings from basic science to clinical settings to improve treatment efficacy.

equifinality

one symptom can have many causes

multifinality

one cause can have many (multiple) final manifestations.

What is the role of neuropsychological exams in diagnosis?

Neuropsychological exams assess cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to detect brain damage or dysfunction.

What type of stimuli do projective personality tests use?

Ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots and pictures.

What is the purpose of the Thematic Apperception Test?

It uses creepy pictures to elicit negative responses.

What is the MMPI-3 used for?

It is used for clinical and forensic assessment to evaluate personality.

What does 'low face validity' mean in the context of MMPI-3?

It means that the questions are not obvious in what they are asking about.

What are the three higher order scales in the MMPI-3?

Internalizing, externalizing, and thought disorder.

What are the four clusters of PTSD symptoms?

Re-experiencing trauma, avoidance of stimuli, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and increased arousal.

What is the prevalence rate of PTSD in the general population?

7-10% of the population.

What role do neurotransmitters play in anxiety?

GABA underfunctions in anxious brains, while serotonin levels inversely affect anxiety.

What is interoceptive conditioning?

The process of becoming fearful of internal bodily sensations, which can contribute to panic attacks.