HAPP (CHAP 5)

PRELIMS REVIEWER

Integumentary system

consists of the skin and accessory structures, covering the outside of the body

Epidermis

The most superficial layer of skin, a layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis

Dermis

a layer of dense connective tissue, composed of dense collagenous connective tissue

Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

a layer of connective tissue, but it is not part of the skin, and it does connect the skin to the underlying muscle or bone

Epidermis

a stratified squamous epithelium; in its deepest layers, new cells are produced by mitosis

Keratinization

It is when cells change shape and chemical composition that they become filled with the protein keratin

Stratum Basale

consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that undergo mitotic divisions about every 19 days

Stratum Spinosum

take on a flattened appearance and accumulate lipid-filled vesicles called lamellar bodies

Stratum granulosum

are flat and diamond-shaped, the cells accumulate more keratin and release contents of the lamellar bodies to the extracellular space

Stratum lucidum

a thin, clear zone between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

Thick skin

has all five strata and is found in areas subject to pressure and friction

Thin skin

lacks the stratum lucidum and covers the rest of the body

Stratum Corneum

most superficial stratum of the epidermis and consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin

Callus

It is when skin is subjected to friction producing a thickened area

Stretch marks

can develop when a person increases in size quite rapidly

Melanin

group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color; produced by melanocytes

Melanocytes

are irregularly shaped cells located between stratum basale and stratum spinosum

Skin cancer

the most common type of cancer

Basal cell carcinoma

The most frequent type begins in the stratum basale and extends into the dermis to produce an open ulcer

Squamous cell carcinoma

superficial to the stratum basale, the cells continue to divide as they produce keratin; invade the dermis, metastasize and cause death

Malignant melanoma

rare form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, usually in a pre-existing moles

Albinism

a recessive genetic trait that causes an absence of melanin

Cyanosis

a bluish color of the skin due to the decrease of blood O content

Carotene

yellow pigment found in plant

Hair

found everywhere on the skin, has a hard cortex, which surrounds a softer center, the medulla

Hair follicle

invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis

Shaft

part of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin

Root

part of the hair that is below the surface

Medulla

the softer center of the hair

Hair bulb

part of the hair that is the expanded base of the root

Cuticle

a single layer overlapping cells that holds the hair

Sebaceuos glands

a simple, branched acinar glands and releases sebum

Sebum

an oily, white substance rich in lipids; released by holocrine secretion, lubricates the hair, the surface of the skin, preventing them from drying and protecting them from bacteria

Eccrine sweat glands

simple, coiled, tubular glands and release sweat by merocrine secretion; located in almost every part of the skin and has ducts

Apocrine sweat glands

simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances

Nail

a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells, that contains a very hard type of keratin

Nail body

the visible part of the cell

Cuticle (eponychium)

a stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body

Nail matrix

is where the nail root extends distally to

Nail bed

located distal to the nail matrix

Lunula

a small part of the nail matrix, can be seen through the nail body as a whitish crescent-shaped area

Jaundice

a yellowish skin color, can occur when the liver is damaged by a disease

Burn

injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

Partial-thickness burns

burn where part of the stratum basale remains viable and regeneration of the epidermis occurs from within the burn area

First-degree burns

burn that only involves only the epidermis; red, painful, and slight edema or swelling may be present

Second-degree burns

damage both the epidermis and the dermis; redness, pain, and blisters

Full-thickness burn or third-degree burn

The epidermis and dermis are destroyed, and recovery occurs from the edges pf the burn wound

Fourth-degree burn

extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue