exam 3

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older stars have ___ metallicity

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83 Terms

1

older stars have ___ metallicity

less

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2

newer stars have ___ metallicity

ex: Sun

more

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3

parts of a black hole

escape velocity

singularity (mass in middle)

event horizon (size of black hole depending on mass)

acretion disk (plasma around hole)

jets (hot matter and x rays)

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Schwarzschild radius (Rs)

radius of event horizon

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5

shadow of a black hole

2.5 Rs

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micro black hole

less than Ms (mass of sun)

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stellar mass black hole

3-tens Ms

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8

supermassive black hole

10,000 - billions Ms

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9

intermediate black hole

not confirmed

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10

first black hole discovered

cygnus x-1

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11

how to find a black hole

1- stars orbiting something thats not there

2- bright x-rays from jets

3- take a picture

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12

who discovered 1st supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*

genzel & ghez

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13

photon sphere

inner edge where photons spiral out and warped that make it to our telescope

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14

doppler beaming

increase luminosity due to matter moving towards you

  • away → dimmer

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15

tidal forces

squeeze from top to bottom

spaghettification (squeeze, stretch, push)

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16

4 tests of general relativity

gravity redshift

gravitational time dilation

precision of perihelion

gravitational lensing

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17

gravity redshift

closer you are to an object, the redder the object gets

ex: star close to black hole looks redder

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18

gravitational time dilation

time runs slower the closer you are to massive objects

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precision of perihelion

closest point in orbit to the sun

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20

gravitational lensing

bending of light

1st test of general relativity

1919 solar eclipse - Arthur Eddington

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21

hawking radiation

evaporation of black hole

  • micro black hole evaporates quickly

  • supermassive black hole evaporates slowly

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22

anatomy of milky way

disc, center bulge, stellar halo

100,000 ly wide

10,000 ly length

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23

disc stars

open clusters, young, blue, hot

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24

center bulge stars

high luminosity, high number of stars

old, red stars

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stellar halo

globular clusters, old, cool, red stars

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star clusters

all stars in a cluster are same age and same distance to earth

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open cluster

few thousand stars, young, hot, blue, dont last long due to low gravitational attraction, in disc

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globular clusters

thousand to million stars, old, cool, red, last a long time, in stellar halo

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29

thomas wright

1750

1st to describe shape of milky way

flat disc of stars and we are inside

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30

immanuel kant

1755

solar system came from giant gas cloud (stellar nebula)

1st to suggest it rotates, held together by gravity

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31

william herschel

1783

proposes 1st model of milky way

incorrectly puts sun at center of galaxy

fuzzy things = nebulae

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32

great debate

1920

Smithsonian museum of natural history in DC

about nature of spiral nebulae and distances

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heber curtis

  1. nebulae = island universes (galaxies) TRUE

  • 1917 nova in andromeda distance ~150,000 pc

  1. why are there more nova in andromeda?

  • should be evenly distributed if its a cloud in milky way

  1. dust lanes in other “galaxies”

  • milky way has dust lanes

  1. cant use cepheid variables to measure distance

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harlow shapley

  • nebluae = cloud on outer edge of milky way

  • if nebulae are galaxies, they would be millions of ly away

  • 1885 nova outshined andromeda

    • nothing can outshine a galaxy

  • cant visually measure rotation of galaxy in one’s lifetime (mistake using Maahen method)

  • distance to andromeda = 100 Kpc

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35

who won?

shapley had slight edge bc no one could imagine universe being so big like curtis said

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36

edwin hubble

settles debate 1929

  • use cepheids and leavitt’s law

  • distance: 1.25 ly away

    • incorrect due to wrong calibration

  • real distance: 2.5 million ly away

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37

walter baade

  • mount wilson observatory during ww2 (blackout)

  • population 1, 2, 3 stars

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population I stars

high metallicity, young, in disc

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population II stars

low metallicity, in bulge and halo

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40

population III stars

no metals, very 1st stars, hypothetical

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41

spiral galaxies

60%

disc with arms

lots of star formation activity

barred

  • bulge is cigar shaped

  • SBa (tight arms) - SBc (loose arms)

  • 2/3 of spirals

  • milky way

ordinary

  • circle bulge

  • Sa (tight arms) - Sc (loose arms)

  • 1/3 of spirals

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42

lenticular galaxies

20%

disc with now arms

little star formation

S0 (ordinary) or SB0 (barred)

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elliptical galaxy

10%

largest (giant elliptical)

minimal star formation

red, old, low mass stars

E0 (sphere) - E7 (elliptical/wide)

formed in 2 steps:

  • protogalactic cloud collapse w no angular momentum

  • collision of spirals

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irregular galaxies

10%, no shape structure, random

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ring galaxy

rare, know nothing

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dwarf galaxy

orbit major (spiral, elliptical, lenticular) galaxies

milky way has ~20 dwarf galaxies = magellenic clouds

less than a billion stars in it

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most common dwarf galaxy

dwarf spheroidal galaxy

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48

hubble’s classification

  • 1st to classify galaxies

  • turning fork

  • thought to be evolution diagram (wrong)

  • 3 classifications: elliptical, spiral, lenticular

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49

ordinary galaxy

  • milky way

  • light comes from stars → uniform

  • central light bulge variation is minimal

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50

active galaxies

10%

active = supermassive black hole accretes matter

  • most luminosity from central bulge

  • central bulge has a lot of variation

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4 active galaxies

radio, seyfert, quasars, blazars

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Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)

accreting supermassive black hole

1- large bright accretion disk

2- large relativistic jets

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radio galaxy

most elliptical, double radio lobes

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54

seyfret galaxy

common active galaxy, spiral, low energy, can see host galaxy

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55

quasars

quasar w/ lets pointed at earth

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star system

one or more stars

solar system

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galaxy

collection of star systems

milky way

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group

~50 luminous galaxies

local group

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59

cluster

100-1,000 luminous galaxies

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supercluster

~10 clusters

virgo supercluster

laniakea supercluster

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61

supercluster complex / galactic filament

largest structure in universe

pisces-cetus supercluster complex

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62

dark matter

pushes stars and clumps together

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63

fritz zwicky

1933

coma cluster: galaxies should be flying apart

dark matter holds it in

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vera rubin

1963

measuring rotation rate of galaxies

dark matter → galaxies are moving faster due to something

80-90% of galaxy matter is dark matter

detected thru gravitational lensing

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65

dark energy

pushes universe outward

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66

einstein’s theory of relativity

  • 1917: Adds a cosmological constant to equation through subtraction to prevent expanding universe

  • 1913 Einstein removes cosmological constant

  • 1998: constant re-added to equation thru addition = shows universe is expanding faster than they thought

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hubbles law

1- most galaxies have redshift

2- further the galaxy, faster it is moving away

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age of universe

13.8 billion years

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z = redshift

z = 0

  • no redshift

z < 0

  • neg, blueshift

z > 0

  • high redshift = far galaxy

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70

cosmic laddar

  • Parallax 100 pc

  • RR lyrae 1Mpc

  • Novae 20Mpc

  • cepheids 20Mpc

  • Type Ia 1,000Mpc

  • Hubble’s law >10Mpc

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71

vesto slipher

1912

1st redshift measurement

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72

george lemaitre

primeval atom (where universe was contained b4 big bang)

1st suggestion of big bang

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73

george gamow

1940

predicts 380,000 yrs for photons to cool

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74

arno penzias & robert wilson

1964

build horn antenna

look 4 radio waves bouncing off satellites

discover CMBR

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75

cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

left over radiation from big bang that proves it happened

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76

expansion of universe and inflation

  • 93 billion ly across

  • Horizon problem: universe is a uniform temperature

  • Temp: should be hotter in some parts than others

  • 1980’s: inflation, universe was thermodynamically connected early on to have a uniform temperature

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electroweak era

  • 10^-38 to 10^-10 seconds

  • Have 4 forces of universe by end of era

  • Farthest back that we understand

  • Inflation occurs

  • Universe is created = amounts of matter and antimatter

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78

Nucleosynthesis Era

  • .001 sec – 3 mins

  • Fusion

    • Create 75% H and 25% He

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79

nuclei era

  • 5 mins – 380,000 years

  • End when photons escape, give CMBR

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80

big crunch

universe collapses back

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81

big bounce

each collapse produces a new big bang

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82

constant expansion of universe forever

  • Eventually everything will freeze

  • Big freeze / heat death of universe

  • Current leading theory

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83

dark energy continues to increase

rips everything apart

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