\
North America
- Landscape included:
- Forests + Great Plains
- Appalachians + Rocky Mountains
- Great Lakes + Grand Canyon
- Missouri River + Ohio River + Mississippi River (drains into Gulf of Mexico @ New Orleans)
- Arctic stretches + southwest deserts (Death Valley)
- ^^The coastal plain permitted river transportation, which helped early settlements^^
- Native Americans adapted to different regions
\
Bering Strait
- 8000 BC - North America was accessible by land
- Bering Strait was a stretch of ocean containing a land bridge
- Large glaciers lowered ocean levels
- Humans migrated in search of game
- When the Bering Sea submerged the land bridge, people crossed by boats
- Was there migration by sea directly to South America? (historians unsure)
- 300 AD - Native Americans populated Hawaiian islands
\
Iroquois Native Americans
- 6 separate tribes - Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Tuscarora
- Lived in New York
- Allied against Huron Matriarchal society
- ^^Extremely developed societal structure^^
- Useful allies to British
- 1350 - Settled in fortified (protected against attacks) villages
\
Vikings
- The Vikings were traveling warriors
- Lived in Denmark, Sweden, Norway
- Expertly designed ships
- Late 10th Century - Erik the Red settled Greenland
- Discovered Americas before Columbus
- 980 AD - Vikings explored North America
- Because of pressure faced from Native American tribes, the Vikings could only create temporary settlements
\
Cahokia
- 700 AD - Cahokia was a thriving culture based on maize cultivation
- 30k-40k inhabitants disappeared for no known reason
- Well-connected trade center
- 1300 AD - Cahokia civilization collapsed
- Stockade circling main city that provided protection
- Were large pyramids the tombs of leaders? (historians unsure)
- ^^Cahokia was an example of when Native Americans failed to produce a lasting civilization^^
- EXTREMELY advanced
\
Reciprocity
- Exchanging things for mutual benefit (gifts & favors + sleights & injuries)
- Native Americans regularly fought wars with each other
- Europeans exploited the reciprocity system by trading unusual goods for property rights (hurt Native Americans by tricking their land away)
- Would lead to inevitable wars between Europeans + Native Americans
\
Crusades
- “Deus volt” - God wills it (reasoning for the Crusades)
- 1095 - Pope Urban II launches 1st military campaigns to take back Palestine from Muslims
- Moderately successful BUT wouldn’t achieve lasting control of Holy Land
- Sought-after silks, spices, etc. that would benefit travel + trade
- ^^Renewed trade led to the Renaissance and early exploration^^
- Europe wanted to find a water route to India + China
\
Marco Polo
- 1271-1295 - Journeyed along the Silk Road (Mongolia to China)
- Received into Kublai Khan’s court
- Published Discourse Concerning Various Experiences
- Because Europe wanted Asian goods, it fought for access to Far East
\
Renaissance
- 1440 - Begins to spread
- ^^The invention of the printing press + international commerce led to greater interest in learning + spread of ideas^^
- Rediscovered Roman law, literature, art
- Renaissance = “Rebirth”
- Ended medieval period
- Wealth + artistic achievement led to greater navigation + exploration
- Eventually the desire to reform the Catholic Church led to the Protestant Reformation
\
Capitalism
- Originated from the commercial revolution by Renaissance bankers
- Coined money for the international market
- Motivated acquisition of private property
\
Amerigo Vespucci
- 1454-1512
- 3 voyages exploring the South American coast (Amazon River)
- ^^Calculated longitude + sailing distance^^
- Descriptive letters detailing his adventures
- A German scholar drew a comprehensive map from his letters
\
Prince Henry the Navigator
- Took advantage of Renaissance
- Founded a school that taught navigation, cartography, shipbuilding
- Invented the caravel, which made it possible to make extremely long voyages
- His exploration of the African coast allowed Europe to dominate the Indian spice trade
- 1384-1460
\
Vasco da Gama
- Discovered Cape of Good Hope with Bartholomew Dias
- ^^By 1498, he made a voyage around Africa, to India, back to Portugal^^
- Brought back spices for Portugal trading posts
- Died in 1524
- Inspired Spanish exploration
\
Plantation System
- Large-scale commercial agriculture
- Large land holdings
- Exploited African American labor in New World
\
Christopher Columbus
- Both praised and hated
- ^^Blamed for Native American disease, war, famine, enslavement^^
- King Ferdinand + Queen Isabella approved his journey west to Far East
- 1492 - Sailed to the Western Hemisphere
- Proved that the Earth is round
- Opened Caribbean Sea + Central America to Spanish colonization
- Died in 1506
\
Treaty of Tordesillas
- Dispute between Portugal + Spain
- Alexander VI decided that Spain can possess new lands, which divided up the land + gave Spain more land
- 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas extended boundary line west
- Because of hatred of Christendom, the treaty banned England, France, Netherlands
\
Hernando Cortés
- Explored Mexico for Spain
- 1519 - Landed + subdued Native American tribes
- ^^Destroyed Aztec Empire^^
- Killed Montezuma (leader)
- Crushed Aztec revolt
- Opened for Spanish settlement + found gold & silver
\
Three-Sister Farming
- Native Americans grew maize, beans, squash
- Crops were better grown together
- Healthy nutrition helped the Native American diet
\
Francisco Pizarro
- Most brutal treatment of Native Americans
- 1530 - Landed in South America
- ^^Conquered Inca Empire^^
- Captured Atahualpa + demanded ransom of gold/silver to release him
- Conquered Peru + ruled with iron fist (tyranny)
- Assassinated in 1541
\
Cabeza de Vaca
- 1528 - Survived expedition to explore Florida
- Set out across Gulf of Mexico + landed in Texas
- 1st European to see Southwest
- Reported bison + gold, which led to further Spanish exploration into New Mexico
- Provincial governor
\
Hernando de Soto
- ^^1st Spaniard to explore Florida^^
- 1539 - Landed in Florida + explored Southeast
- Discovered Mississippi River
- Died of fever in 1542
\
Black Legend
- Negative impact of Spanish conquest - War, slavery, disease
- New nations built on blended societies (clash of cultures)
\
John and Sebastian Cabot
- ^^Father-son team that worked for English Crown^^
- Father died before journey
- 1509 - Sebastian claimed fishing beds off Canadian coast for England
- Helped start English influence in New World
\
Giovanni de Verrazano
Claimed land for France
1523 - Steered ship toward Carolinas and Nova Scotia
Reported back to king, which spurred French interest in further colonization
1528 - Killed + eaten by Native Americans
</p>
BIG PICTURE
- North America - Small populations, different biomes, huge land tracts, natural resources
- 1st settlers - Came over land bridge; spread through Western Hemisphere; varied cultures but no lasting civilizations
- Rise of nations + return of trade + Renaissance → Discovery + exploited colonies’ riches
- Christopher Columbus → Large empire + God, glory, gold
- Portugal, England, France, Netherlands are jealous of Spain → Laid claims to land in New World
\